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VulnBench: Can LLMs find the same security bugs twice?

Snyk's VulnBench benchmark found that large language models (LLMs) are not fully repeatable in security reviews: across 300 scans of 10 JavaScript projects with 6 configurations repeated 5 times, 84.8% of reference-matched findings (134 of 158) appeared in all five runs, while 49.7% of unmatched findings (80 of 161) appeared only once. The study, based on the JS 1.0 paper (arXiv:2606.15762), also found that higher session cost did not reliably improve agreement with Snyk Code's deterministic results.

read4 min views3 publishedAug 20, 2026
VulnBench: Can LLMs find the same security bugs twice?
Image: source

A Snyk benchmark initiative

A repeatability and Snyk-reference agreement study

We ran the same agentic security review five times against inspectable JavaScript projects to measure what recurs, what varies, and how model findings align with a deterministic Snyk Code reference set.

  • 300
  • scans
  • 10
  • projects
  • 6
  • configurations
  • 5
  • repetitions

Headline evidence · 5 identical reviews

Same review. Different results. #

300 scans · 10projects · 6 configurations

84.8%

13.7%

49.7%

134 of 158 Reference-matched findings seen in all five runsInspect22 of 161 Unmatched findings seen in all five runsInspect80 of 161 Unmatched findings seen in only one runInspect

134 of 158 · Reference-matched findings seen in all five runs

View exact recurrence values #

Finding group Count Share
Reference-matched findings seen in all five runs 134 of 158 84.8%
Unmatched findings seen in all five runs 22 of 161 13.7%
Unmatched findings seen in only one run 80 of 161 49.7%

Source: published JS 1.0 paper

Latest evidence · JS 1.0

Same code. Same prompt. Different findings. #

Across five identical runs, 84.8% of reference-matched findings recurred every time. Nearly half of unmatched reports appeared only once—evidence to inspect, not dismiss.

What the results mean in practice

An AI review is a measurement—not a verdict. #

Repeat the same task and the story sharpens: many reference-matched findings hold steady; AI review and deterministic SAST reveal different blind spots; and more spend does not reliably improve Snyk-reference agreement.

  • 01

Repeatability makes confidence visible

134 of 158 reference-matched findings appeared in every one of five identical reviews. Repetition shows which reported patterns persist instead of relying on a single run.

Interpret with care: A reference match measures agreement with Snyk Code, not independent ground-truth accuracy.Open the evidence - 02

AI review and SAST expose different blind spots

Models surfaced high-signal exploit shapes, while deterministic Snyk Code consistently enumerated repeated data-flow sinks. Their differing results are useful evidence—not a reason to declare one a universal winner.

Interpret with care: Unmatched findings require case-level inspection before they can be classified.Open the evidence - 03

Paying more did not reliably improve the result

In this benchmark, higher session cost did not consistently yield higher Snyk-reference F1. Spend alone is a poor shortcut for choosing a configuration.

Interpret with care: Cost estimates reflect the tested small fixtures and publication assumptions.Open the evidence

Benchmark anatomy

How VulnBench measures behavior #

Repeat the conditions, preserve the evidence, and separate observed agreement from claims the protocol cannot support.

Read the full methodology

  • 1

Select inspectable projects

Ten small JavaScript and Express fixtures make every run and reference finding reviewable.

  • 2

Repeat the same task

Each configuration sees the same code, prompt, harness, and task five times.

  • 3

Normalize findings

Reported issues become documented signatures suitable for recurrence analysis.

  • 4

Match the reference set

The scorer compares vulnerability type against deterministic Snyk Code findings.

  • 5

Measure behavior

Agreement, recurrence, variance, coverage, cost, tokens, and duration stay distinct.

  • 6

Inspect divergence

Unmatched reports remain evidence to investigate—not automatic false positives.

Research principles

Evidence before ranking #

VulnBench is a versioned research initiative, not a universal leaderboard. Every release defines what it measured and what it did not prove.

  • Transparent reference sets
  • Definitions and limitations stay visible.
  • Repeated measurement
  • Variance is a result, not a footnote.
  • Inspectable cases
  • Headline claims link toward underlying evidence.
  • Reproducible data
  • Versioned source artifacts remain downloadable.
  • Explicit limitations
  • Agreement is never relabeled as accuracy.

Release history

Snyk VulnBench JS 1.0 Published 11 June 2026 · Current

Further releases are planned. Unpublished results will not appear as speculative rankings or empty release cards.

View release catalog

Publication

Read, reproduce, and cite the work #

The paper, reviewed methodology, source snapshot, and release data use stable public links.

Preferred citation

@misc{tal2026snykvulnbenchjs10,
  author = {Tal, Liran and Kloos, Johannes and Rudich, Arsenii and Thoemmes, Stephen and Nair, Manoj},
  title = {Snyk VulnBench JS 1.0: Can LLMs Find the Same Bugs Twice?},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.15762}
}
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