# Toward a test of medical AI superintelligence > Source: > Published: 2026-07-28 13:37:54+00:00 Researchers urgently need a rigorous, task-based framework to define and measure medical AI ‘superintelligence’, because existing benchmarks are misleading and insufficient. This is a preview of subscription content, [access via your institution](https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41591-026-04539-8) ## Access options Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription 27,99 € / 30 days cancel any time Subscribe to this journal Receive 12 print issues and online access 269,00 € per year only 22,42 € per issue Buy this article - Purchase on SpringerLink - Instant access to the full article PDF. 39,95 € Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout ## References American Medical Association. *AMA*[https://go.nature.com/4ypndAg](https://go.nature.com/4ypndAg)(12 March 2026).Nori, H. et al. Preprint at [https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.22405](https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.22405)(2025).Palmer, K. *STAT*[https://go.nature.com/4vHS5cB](https://go.nature.com/4vHS5cB)(12 January 2026).Goh, E. et al. *JAMA Netw. Open***7**, e2440969 (2024).Goh, E. et al. *Nat. Med.***31**, 1233–1238 (2025).Brodeur, P. G. et al. *Science***392**, 524–527 (2026).Sellen, A. & Horvitz, E. *Commun. ACM***67**, 18–23 (2024).Adler-Milstein, J. et al. *JAMA***331**, 1173 (2024).Hayat, H. et al. Preprint at *medRxiv*[https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.07.14.25331406](https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.07.14.25331406)(2025).Ramaswamy, A. et al. *Nat. Med.***32**, 1671–1675 (2026).Navarro, D. F. et al. Preprint at [https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.11413](https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.11413)(2026).Wu, D. J. et al. *BMJ Digital Health AI***2**, e000032 (2026).Jiang, Y. et al. *NEJM AI*[https://doi.org/10.1056/AIdbp2500144](https://doi.org/10.1056/AIdbp2500144)(2025).Bedi, S. et al. *Nat. Med.***32**, 943–951 (2026).Gommers, J. et al. *Lancet***407**, 505–514 (2026). ## Author information ### Authors and Affiliations ### Corresponding author ## Ethics declarations ### Competing interests Y.L., P.-H.C.C. and M.S. are employees of Google. J.R. is an employee of Meta. D.L.-M. is an employee of Amazon. P.M.-Y. is an employee of Anthropic. K.S. is an employee of OpenAI. E.H. is an employee of Microsoft. E.G. and A.R. report consulting fees from Google. L.G.M. and D.W. report consulting fees from Meta. J.H.C. reports co-founding Reaction Explorer, which develops and licenses organic chemistry education software; and receiving consulting fees from Sutton Pierce, Younker Hyde Macfarlane and Sykes McAllister as a medical expert witness. J.H.C. receives funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH)/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH/National Center for Advancing Translational Services (NCATS) Clinical and Translational Science Award, NIH/Center for Undiagnosed Diseases at Stanford, Stanford Bio-X, Stanford RAISE Health, the Josiah Macy Jr Foundation and the Stanford CARE AI Scholar Fellowship. The other authors declare no competing interests. ## Supplementary information [Supplementary Information (download PDF )](https://media.springernature.com/original/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41591-026-04539-8/MediaObjects/41591_2026_4539_MOESM1_ESM.pdf) Supplementary Tables 1 and 2 ## Rights and permissions ## About this article ### Cite this article Goh, E., Wu, D., Walton, C. *et al.* Toward a test of medical AI superintelligence. *Nat Med* (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-026-04539-8 Published: Version of record: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-026-04539-8