The ELIZA Archaeology Project:
ELIZA is the original and highly influential chatbot that launched the genre of human-computer interactions using text-based agents. It was created at MIT in the 1960s as part of Project MAC by it’s [
sic] designer and programmer, Joseph Weizenbaum. ELIZA not only allowed Weizenbaum to develop a mode of interaction with computers that is highly interactive, it also contributed to the way in which people were starting to conceptualize computers as having the capacity to usefully engage in conversation. You can[try an accurate reimplementation of ELIZA]developed as part of this project.We plan to contextualize the program, offering its history and context as well as offering a detailed explanation of how
[the code works]. This project will look at the culture of programming in which Weizenbaum was working and then explore his turn from ELIZA/DOCTOR, as he began to warn of the hazards of treating machines like humans. We will look at later works inspired by ELIZA and consider its influences on the way talking computer programs are represented in literature and film.
Via Jason Kottke, who also links to an upcoming book from the same team. Their blog has an entry that discusses something I’ve been meaning to link to for a while, regarding Weizenbaum’s secretary:
Nonetheless, it is clear that Weizenbaum’s secretary actually used the ELIZA system. As he writes in Weizenbaum (1967: 477):
My secretary watched me work on this program over a long period of time. One day she asked to be permitted to talk with the system. Of course, she knew she was talking to a machine. Yet, after I watched her type in a few sentences she turned to me and said “Would you mind leaving the room, please?”
Weizenbaum writes about the effect, later actually coined the “Eliza Effect”, that this dyadic conversation could have between user and computer:
What I had not realized is that extremely short exposures to a relatively simple computer program could induce powerful delusional thinking in quite normal people. This insight led me to attach new importance to questions of the relationship between the individual and the computer, and hence to resolve to think about them.
The Eliza Effect is the propensity for humans to ascribe understanding and intelligence to computer systems. Hofstadter (1995: 167) described it as “the susceptibility of people to read far more understanding than is warranted into strings of symbols — especially words — strung together by computers”, a compelling description written in 1995 but which accurately describes generative AI systems today like ChatGPT. Similarly, Turkle described that “the Eliza effect refers to our more general tendency to treat responsive computer programs as more intelligent than they really are. Very small amounts of interactivity cause us to project our own complexity onto the undeserving object”.
Chatbot technology has changed tremendously since the 1960s. Human nature has not changed at all.