Rational Use of Time for Social Coordination in Humans and AI

arXiv:2611.14766v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: All social interactions are situated in time. Previous studies have shown that humans are able to use implicit temporal cues, such as the duration of a , to infer others' mental states. But how do humans use temporal cues for dynamic, fine-grained social coordination? And can AI systems do the same, without ``experiencing'' continuous real-time as humans do? We study these questions using a cooperative card game task called The Mind, which requires players to achieve a shared goal across repeated interactions but forbids explicit communication: the only available signal is the passage of time. We evaluate 150 humans, and two classes of AI models which reflect different ways of operationalizing time in artificial systems: computer-use agents (CUAs), and standard text-prompted LLMs. We find that human behavior is best captured by a Bayesian strategy that infers a partner's belief from their timing---and similarly for frontier models. However, unlike humans, none of the tested models seem to efficiently adapt their behaviors to their partners' over the course of the game. From a cognitive perspective, our findings suggest that humans perform implicit probabilistic reasoning about continuous-time signals in dynamic social settings, and that such reasoning mechanisms may emerge without real-time experience. Practically, our study highlights new challenges for AI systems to coordinate efficiently with other agents by learning to interpret and adapt to their implicit signals in dynamic settings.