[Submitted on 11 Sep 2026 (
[v1](https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.12378v1)), last revised 16 Sep 2026 (this version, v2)]
[View PDF](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.12378)
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Abstract:Cloud LLM services typically require users to send prompts to a model provider, creating a privacy risk. Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) lets a server perform inference without decrypting the input, but representing data as ciphertexts adds storage and computational overhead. In CKKS-based LLM inference, the packing scheme maps logical tensors to ciphertexts and slots. It therefore determines the ciphertext count and the homomorphic cost of linear layers, and it constrains how data pass between linear layers, attention, and nonlinear computation. As models and sequences grow, inefficient layouts accumulate encoding, compute, and layout-conversion overhead.
We present Odin, an FHE inference system that co-designs ciphertext packing and model execution for Llama. Starting from a THOR-style baseline whose bottleneck is weight encoding, Odin uses a feature-major cross-layer layout to unify residual connections and layer interfaces, and builds transient intra-operator layouts for linear projections and attention. This reduces redundant plaintext encoding of weights in wide projections. Within attention, QK^T produces scores that Softmax can consume directly, and PV consumes the resulting probabilities, avoiding intermediate repacking. For nonlinear ops, we use minimax polynomial approximation with input-range control and joint error allocation guided by model quality, reducing polynomial degree and multiplicative depth. To our knowledge, Odin is the first open-source end-to-end GPU CKKS implementation of Llama-3.
With Llama-3-8B weights and a 128-token input, Odin evaluates all 32 Transformer layers on a single NVIDIA H100 80 GB GPU. Server-side end-to-end FHE evaluation takes 366.4 s and 58.9 GiB peak device memory. Under the same model, input, CKKS parameters, and hardware, THOR takes 1651.9 s, a 4.51x speedup.
Submission history #
From: Yuhang Fan [
[view email](https://arxiv.org/show-email/b3af3443/2609.12378)]
**Fri, 11 Sep 2026 02:51:44 UTC (74 KB)**
[\[v1\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.12378v1)
**[v2]** Wed, 16 Sep 2026 07:01:10 UTC (74 KB)
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