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On The Architectural Complexity of Neural Networks

Researchers introduced a unified theoretical framework for analyzing and constructing deep neural networks by modeling tensor operations. The framework reveals a link between groundbreaking architectures and increases in architectural complexity over 40 years, and identifies unexplored high-complexity architectures. A dataset of over 3,000 such architectures has been released publicly.

read2 min views1 publishedJun 16, 2026
[Submitted on 5 May 2026]


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Abstract:We introduce a unified theoretical framework for the rigorous analysis and systematic construction of deep neural networks (DNNs). This framework addresses a gap in existing theory by explicitly modeling the structure of tensor operations -- lower level information that is often abstracted. Our framework enables two novel objectives: (1) analysis of the evolution of architectural complexity over deep learning history, and (2) automatic construction of novel architectures based on new types of tensor operations. Our study of DNNs introduced over the past 40 years reveals a connection between groundbreaking architectures and increases in different types of architectural complexity. Moreover, we identify several large classes of higher complexity architectures that have not yet been explored. We then collect a dataset of 3,000+ higher complexity architectures, which we publicly release at:[this https URL].

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