Mutable default arguments in Python: why `__defaults__` bites

A Python programming note published September 2, 2026 warns that mutable default arguments persist across calls because function defaults are stored in the __defaults__ attribute, so a function defined as def add1(x=[]) returns [1], then [1, 1], then [1, 1, 1] on successive calls. The example shows add1.__defaults__ holding ([1, 1, 1],), demonstrating that x.append(1) mutates the shared default object rather than creating a fresh list.