arXiv:2610.11316v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: System One models prioritize fast, low-latency decision-making and calibrated probability distributions over token generation. While prevailing systems rely on structured schemas and typed outputs, candidate-scoring trade-offs remain poorly understood. We systematically investigate the scaling dynamics, accuracy, and inference efficiency of three scoring architectures adapted from a pre-trained decoder: bi-encoders, cross-encoders, and constrained decoders. Experiments show clear performance scaling with model size across all three architectures. Cross-encoders consistently achieve the highest accuracy across model sizes, while bi-encoders and constrained decoders perform similarly as training tokens scale. Efficiency-wise, bi-encoders maintain near-constant inference latency as candidate pools grow because candidate embeddings can be cached offline, whereas cross-encoder and constrained-decoder costs scale quadratically with candidate size. This efficiency advantage makes bi-encoders uniquely suited to bridge small closed-set decisions and massive open-set retrieval. For closed-set tasks, including all candidate options in the request prompt is critical for bi-encoder competitiveness. Guided by these insights, we introduce MetaEncoder, a multimodal encoder fine-tuned from a Muse-Glimmer decoder via unidirectional contrastive learning to match requests and candidates. We present packed contrastive training to maximize efficiency for dynamically allocated negative candidates, enabling memory-efficient full fine-tuning of a 30B decoder into an encoder. Evaluated across 12 benchmark suites spanning closed-set decision-making, multimodal understanding, and open-set retrieval, MetaEncoder outperforms state-of-the-art multimodal embedding baselines on decision tasks and MMEB-v3 image/video retrieval, while scaling to open candidate spaces far too large for current decision models.
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