{"slug": "llm-research-papers-the-2026-list-january-to-may", "title": "LLM Research Papers: The 2026 List (January to May)", "summary": "Researchers Sebastian Raschka released a curated list of LLM research papers from January to May 2026, focusing on reasoning models, reinforcement learning, and efficient inference. The list, organized into categories like architecture, agent systems, and long context, reflects the field's shift toward hybrid architectures and practical serving infrastructure. Raschka emphasized the list is not comprehensive but a personal reference based on papers relevant to his ongoing work.", "body_md": "# LLM Research Papers: The 2026 List (January to May)\n\n# LLM Research Papers: The 2026 List (January to May)\n\nAs some of you know, I have the long-running habit of keeping a running list of research papers I want to read, revisit, or cite in future articles and projects.\n\nLast year, I shared two organized paper lists, [one](https://magazine.sebastianraschka.com/p/llm-research-papers-2025-list-one) covering January to June and [another one](https://magazine.sebastianraschka.com/p/llm-research-papers-2025-part2) covering July to December.\n\nSeveral readers told me that these lists were very useful, so, in a similar spirit, I prepared a new list for the first half of 2026. This one covers papers I bookmarked from January through May 2026.\n\nPlease do not treat this as a complete list of everything published this year. There are so many papers published every day that this would be totally infeasible. Instead, this is a curated reference list based on papers I found interesting or relevant for my own work. I went through the titles, abstracts, and topic framing carefully while organizing the list, but I have to admit that I also only read a subset of the papers in detail.\n\nWhy make these lists in the first place? When I work on an article, book section, code example, or lecture, I often remember that I saw a relevant paper somewhere, but finding it again can be surprisingly annoying. A categorized Markdown list solves that problem for me, and I hope it is useful to you as well. (Even in the era of LLM-based web searching, having a specific context list is pretty useful, still.)\n\nThis year, the list is again heavy on reasoning models, reinforcement learning, and efficient inference, because I am biased towards bookmarking papers that are related to things I am currently working on. However, compared with the 2025 lists, I also bookmarked more papers around agent harnesses, tool use, long context, diffusion language models, and practical serving infrastructure, because that’s what I am currently pretty involved in and where the field is headed.\n\nThe categories for this research paper list are as follows. (Pro tip: In the web version of this article, you can use the table of contents on the left to jump directly to the sections that are most relevant to you.)\n\nArchitecture and Model Design\n\nEfficient Training and Scaling\n\nInference Efficiency and KV Cache\n\nSparse Attention and Long Context\n\nReasoning and Test-Time Compute\n\nReinforcement Learning and RLVR\n\nAgent Systems and Tool Use\n\nCoding Agents and Software Engineering\n\nDiffusion Language Models\n\nModel Evaluation and Benchmarks\n\n## 1. Architecture and Model Design\n\nThis first section collects papers on model architecture, model-release technical reports, and papers that help explain why current LLMs look the way they do.\n\nOne thing I find interesting about 2026 so far is that architecture work goes beyond making transformers larger. There is a lot of work around\n\nhybrid architectures (for example,\n\n, and[Nemotron 3](https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.12374)),[Arcee Trinity](https://www.arxiv.org/abs/2602.17004)state space layers (\n\nand[Nemotron 3](https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.12374)),[Mamba-3](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.15569)MoE capacity allocation (\n\n, and[Scaling Embeddings Outperforms Scaling Experts](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.21204)),[Step 3.5 Flash](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.10604)activation behavior (\n\n),[The Spike, the Sparse and the Sink](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.05498)and representation geometry (\n\n).[Symmetry in Language Statistics Shapes the Geometry of Model Representations](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.15029)\n\nAll of these papers are quite interesting, which is why I bookmarked them in the first place. But if I had to pick one must-read, I’d probably be Nemotron 3 Super, because the article is *super* detailed (no pun intended), and it describes techniques used in a model that is already in production. And it’s one of the best models in its size class after all.\n\nOne of the interesting aspects of Nemotron 3 is its hybrid-architecture design, meaning that it alternates between regular attention layers and Mamba-2 (state space model) layers to be more efficient at long contexts. In 2026, long-context efficiency is king as more and more LLMs get plugged into agent harnesses (OpenClaw etc.), which requires working with longer and longer contexts.\n\nThat being said, 120B-A12B may be a bit too large for local inference on regular consumer hardware, but there is a Nemotron 3 Nano (4B) version as well.\n\nNote that 2 days ago, Nvidia also released a scaled up-version of this, Nemotron 3 Ultra (550B-A55B), which scales the embedding and projection dimensions but otherwise uses the same building blocks. If you are interested in a visual, I posted about it on Substack Notes [here](https://substack.com/@rasbt/note/c-270588404?r=gb4sb&utm_source=notes-share-action&utm_medium=web).\n\nThis hybrid-architecture trend with alternating attention and alternative layers is a relatively popular development this year. The probably most popular open-weight LLM series that uses a similar hybrid design is probably Qwen3.6, which uses Gated DeltaNet layers instead of Mamba-2 layers for the non-attention portions. For more information, see my Hybrid Attention ([https://sebastianraschka.com/llm-architecture-gallery/hybrid-attention/](https://sebastianraschka.com/llm-architecture-gallery/hybrid-attention/)) write-up, which pools information from several of my previous substack articles where I wrote about these.\n\nAlso, in the paper list below, you may notice that there is now a Mamba-3 and Gated DeltaNet-2 (i.e., newer versions of Mamba-2 and GatedDeltaNet), and it will be interesting to see those in the upcoming open-weight LLMs (e.g., Nemotron-4 and Qwen4?).\n\nNext to describing the hybrid-architecture design, the Nemotron-3 paper contains a whole lot of other interesting ablations, for example, around multi-token prediction for speculative decoding, NVFP4 pretraining versus BF16, synthetic MMLU-style data, and post-training quantization recipes, but covering these in detail would be out of scope for this overview.\n\n1 Jan, Deep Delta Learning,\n\n[https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.00417](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.00417)6 Jan, MiMo-V2-Flash Technical Report,\n\n[https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.02780](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.02780)13 Jan, Ministral 3,\n\n[https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.08584](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.08584)29 Jan, Scaling Embeddings Outperforms Scaling Experts in Language Models,\n\n[https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.21204](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.21204)30 Jan, LatentLens: Revealing Highly Interpretable Visual Tokens in LLMs,\n\n[https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.00462](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.00462)4 Feb, ERNIE 5.0 Technical Report,\n\n[https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.04705](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.04705)8 Feb, ViT-5: Vision Transformers for the Mid-2020s,\n\n[https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.08071](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.08071)(Most of this article is LLM-focused, but I couldn’t resist to include a new major vision transformer design.)11 Feb, Step 3.5 Flash: Open Frontier-Level Intelligence with 11B Active Parameters,\n\n[https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.10604](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.10604)12 Feb, Nanbeige4.1-3B: A Small General Model That Reasons, Aligns, and Acts,\n\n[https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.13367](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.13367)16 Feb, Symmetry in Language Statistics Shapes the Geometry of Model Representations,\n\n[https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.15029](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.15029)17 Feb, GLM-5: From Vibe Coding to Agentic Engineering,\n\n[https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.15763](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.15763)18 Feb, Arcee Trinity Large Technical Report,\n\n[https://www.arxiv.org/abs/2602.17004](https://www.arxiv.org/abs/2602.17004)4 Mar, The Spike, the Sparse and the Sink: Anatomy of Massive Activations and Attention Sinks,\n\n[https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.05498](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.05498)12 Mar, Tiny Aya: Bridging Scale and Multilingual Depth,\n\n[https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.11510](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.11510)15 Mar, Attention Residuals,\n\n[https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.15031](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.15031)16 Mar, Mamba-3: Improved Sequence Modeling Using State Space Principles,\n\n[https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.15569](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.15569)31 Mar, Attention to Mamba: A Recipe for Cross-Architecture Distillation,\n\n[https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.14191](https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.14191)13 Apr, Nemotron 3 Super: Open, Efficient Mixture-of-Experts Hybrid Mamba-Transformer Model for Agentic Reasoning,\n\n[https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.12374](https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.12374)6 May, ZAYA1-8B Technical Report,\n\n[https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.05365](https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.05365)13 May, Delta Attention Residuals,\n\n[https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.18855](https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.18855)21 May, Gated DeltaNet-2: Decoupling Erase and Write in Linear Attention,\n\n[https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.22791](https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.22791)25 May, The MiniMax-M2 Series: Mini Activations Unleashing Max Real-World Intelligence,\n\n[https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.26494](https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.26494)\n\n## 2. Efficient Training and Scaling\n\nThis section is about training systems, adaptation methods, and scaling recipes. These papers are not (all) about pre-training from scratch. Some focus on fine-tuning, distillation, test-time training, or making training work better on constrained hardware.", "url": "https://wpnews.pro/news/llm-research-papers-the-2026-list-january-to-may", "canonical_source": "https://magazine.sebastianraschka.com/p/llm-research-papers-2026-part1", "published_at": "2026-06-06 11:16:22+00:00", "updated_at": "2026-06-06 12:19:49.448736+00:00", "lang": "en", "topics": ["large-language-models", "ai-research", "artificial-intelligence", "machine-learning"], "entities": ["Sebastian Raschka"], "alternates": {"html": "https://wpnews.pro/news/llm-research-papers-the-2026-list-january-to-may", "markdown": "https://wpnews.pro/news/llm-research-papers-the-2026-list-january-to-may.md", "text": "https://wpnews.pro/news/llm-research-papers-the-2026-list-january-to-may.txt", "jsonld": "https://wpnews.pro/news/llm-research-papers-the-2026-list-january-to-may.jsonld"}}