# KVarN: Native vLLM KV-cache quantization back end by Huawei

> Source: <https://github.com/huawei-csl/KVarN>
> Published: 2026-06-04 15:18:00+00:00

⚡️

Built for agentic and long-context workloads.

💡 KVarN delivers

3-5x more KV-cache capacityandup to ~1.3x the throughputof FP16, so you fit far longer contexts and serve more concurrent requests, withFP16-level accuracy.

🔌

Calibration-free, plug-and-play with vLLM.A native vLLM attention backend: add one flag, no model changes, no calibration.

🥊

Up to ~2.4× TurboQuant throughput, same capacity,higher accuracy.

kvarn/kvɑːɳ/ ·noun(Swedish)

- A grinding apparatus used to reduce substances into smaller particles or powder, especially grains, seeds, spices, coffee beans, KV-caches.

KV-cache quantization usually comes with a catch. As the
[vLLM TurboQuant blog](https://vllm.ai/blog/2026-05-11-turboquant) shows, existing
methods buy extra KV-cache capacity but **give up throughput** (TurboQuant reports
**40 to 52% lower throughput** for 2.3-3.7x capacity), and aggressive low-bit
quantization also tends to **cost accuracy**. Losing both speed *and* quality is
the main reason KV-cache quantization is rarely turned on in production.

**KVarN is built to keep both.** On Qwen3-32B (AIME25, 16K-context burst, TP=2) it
matches FP16 accuracy and **beats its throughput** while delivering ~4× the KV-cache capacity:

KVarN stays in the upper-right corner the blog's methods can't reach: **FP16-level
accuracy, FP16-or-better throughput, and several times the context.**

KVarN ships as a vLLM fork. Install it like vLLM, then select the KVarN KV-cache dtype.

```
# 1. Clone
git clone https://github.com/huawei-csl/KVarN.git
cd KVarN

# 2. Install (uses the upstream precompiled wheel; KVarN kernels are Triton, JIT-compiled at runtime)
VLLM_USE_PRECOMPILED=1 pip install -e .
python
from vllm import LLM, SamplingParams

llm = LLM(
    model="Qwen/Qwen3-32B",
    dtype="float16",                    # KVarN runs in float16
    kv_cache_dtype="kvarn_k4v2_g128",   # enable KVarN
    block_size=128,                     # KVarN tile size
)
print(llm.generate("Explain KV-cache quantization in one sentence.",
                    SamplingParams(max_tokens=64))[0].outputs[0].text)
```

Serving works the same way:

```
vllm serve Qwen/Qwen3-32B --dtype float16 --kv-cache-dtype kvarn_k4v2_g128 --block-size 128
```

Note:KVarN runs in`float16`

compute. The tile / page size is currently fixed at 128 (one vLLM block = one KVarN tile); other page sizes are coming soon.

Tip (capacity):KVarN realizes its full KV-cache capacity when there is room to amortize a small fixed decode workspace. On multi-GPU or generous`--gpu-memory-utilization`

setups this is automatic. On a tight single-GPU budget, vLLM's CUDA-graph memory profiler can over-reserve and shrink the KV pool; set`VLLM_MEMORY_PROFILER_ESTIMATE_CUDAGRAPHS=0`

(and/or raise`--gpu-memory-utilization`

) to recover the full capacity.

KVarN quantizes the KV cache one fixed-size token tile at a time, walking each tile through the four stages above:

-
**Cache**: the raw fp16 KV tile (channels × tokens), straight from attention. -
**Rotated Cache**: a** Hadamard rotation**along the channel dimension mixes channels so that per-channel outliers are spread out, making the tile easier to quantize. The rotation is orthonormal, so attention scores are preserved. -
**Normalized Cache**:** iterative variance normalization**(Sinkhorn-like) alternates column- and row-wise standard-deviation normalization in log space, equalizing variance across the tile and shrinking quantization error before any rounding happens. -
**Quantized Cache**:** asymmetric round-to-nearest**at low bit-width, with the scales folded back in at read time (keys per channel, values per token).

The shipped preset spends **more bits on keys than values** (`kvarn_k4v2_g128`

:
4-bit keys, 2-bit values). We chose to release this configuration because it meets
the strictest accuracy bar, matching FP16, that the most demanding production
deployments and vLLM require, while still delivering throughput above FP16.

KVarN is the official vLLM implementation of our paper:

📄

KVarN: Variance-Normalized KV-Cache Quantization Mitigates Error Accumulation in Reasoning Tasks([arXiv:2606.03458])

If you use KVarN, please cite:

```
@misc{muller2026kvarn,
      title={KVarN: Variance-Normalized KV-Cache Quantization Mitigates Error Accumulation in Reasoning Tasks}, 
      author={Lorenz K. Muller and Philippe Bich and Chiara Boretti and Hyun-Min Chang and Jiawei Zhuang and Lukas Cavigelli},
      year={2026},
      eprint={2606.03458},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.LG},
      url={http://arxiv.org/abs/2606.03458}
}
```

KVarN is built on [vLLM](https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm) (v0.22.0) and is
released under the Apache 2.0 License. The original vLLM README is preserved as
[ README_vLLM.md](/huawei-csl/KVarN/blob/main/README_vLLM.md).