# Human-like cross-language generalisation in deep neural speaker embeddings and its acoustic foundations

> Source: <https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.05384>
> Published: 2026-11-05 05:00:00+00:00

arXiv:2611.05384v1 Announce Type: new 
Abstract: Generalisability is a central question for deep neural networks, including the cross-language generalisation of speaker embeddings. This study examined whether deep neural speaker embeddings generalise across languages and how such generalisation relates to human perception and acoustic structure. Using Cantonese--English bilingual speech presented in within- and cross-language conditions, we derived similarity from 18 state-of-the-art models and compared it with human ratings and acoustic features using linear mixed models and representational similarity analysis. Embeddings exhibited cross-language generalisation that broadly paralleled human behaviour, reflecting accurate identity discrimination and sensitivity to language switching. This generalisation relied on largely shared acoustic cues with language-sensitive weighting, mirroring human patterns. Together, these findings provide converging evidence for human--machine alignment in cross-language voice similarity processing.