[Submitted on 21 Sep 2026 (
[v1](https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.24972v1)), last revised 23 Sep 2026 (this version, v2)]
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Abstract:An LLM agent's capability is largely magnified by its harness, namely the prompts, control flow, tooling, memory, and context management surrounding the frozen backbone model. Recent methods increasingly automate this process by iteratively proposing and selecting component-wise edits of an agent harness, practically establishing a form of recursive self-improvement (RSI) at the agent-system level. However, such recursive evolution may overfit by memorizing the training tasks, showing large in-distribution gains that shrink or even vanish on out-of-distribution benchmarks. We introduce Regularized Recursive Self-Improvement of Agent Harnesses (RRSI), which incorporates the principles of regularizations into harness self-improvement by constraining the evolution candidate proposal and selection. The proposer operates with a temporally annealed budget, limiting how many edits a candidate can bundle, and it encourages unexplored trajectories based on evolution history. The selector is equipped with a critic and a pruner: the critic screens benchmark-specific proposals, while the pruner, removes changes that are too small, too expensive, or no longer useful. Together these constraints favor reusable agent mechanisms over benchmark-specific ones or even noises. Across eight benchmarks spanning coding, agentic workspace and engineering design tasks, RRSI gains up to 14.1 points on the split it evolves against and up to 4.7 points on the five out-of-distribution benchmarks, while producing a harness that runs on 30% fewer policy tokens than the unregularized evolution. Code is available at this https URL and project page is this https URL.
Submission history #
From: Peng Xia [
[view email](https://arxiv.org/show-email/3b60cce0/2609.24972)]
**Mon, 21 Sep 2026 17:54:49 UTC (595 KB)**
[\[v1\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.24972v1)
**[v2]** Wed, 23 Sep 2026 22:10:39 UTC (595 KB)
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