DSPi: A fully featured audio DSP firmware for the Raspberry Pi Pico (RP2040) and Pico 2 (RP2350)

DSPi is a new firmware that turns a Raspberry Pi Pico or Pico 2 into a full-featured digital audio processor, offering tools like room correction, parametric EQ, and loudness compensation. It acts as a USB sound card with an onboard DSP engine, supporting multiple platforms and output formats. The project aims to make the RP2040 and RP2350 affordable audio Swiss army knives.

DSPi transforms a Raspberry Pi Pico or other RP2040-based board into a very competent and inexpensive little digital audio processor. It acts as a USB sound card with an onboard DSP engine, allowing you to make use of essential tools like room correction, active crossovers, parametric EQ, time alignment, loudness compensation, and headphone crossfeed. It is my hope that the RP2040 and RP2350 will garner a reputation as the "swiss army knife of audio for less than a cup of coffee". Feel free to join the official Discord server https://discord.gg/RCyqxAQ5xS for development updates, discussion or to request assistance Key Capabilities key-capabilities Platform Support platform-support Audio Signal Chain audio-signal-chain Hardware Setup hardware-setup DSP Features dsp-features User Presets user-presets Developer Reference developer-reference Building from Source building-from-source Detailed Specifications detailed-specifications License license USB Audio Interface: Plug-and-play under macOS, Windows, Linux, and iOS. Supports 16-bit and 24-bit PCM input at 44.1, 48, and 96 kHz. 24-bit S/PDIF or I2S Outputs: Up to four independent stereo output slots 8 channels on RP2350, 4 channels on RP2040 . Each slot can be switched at runtime between S/PDIF and I2S, enabling direct connection to any standard DAC. I2S slots share a common BCK/LRCLK and can optionally produce a 128×/256× master clock. Per-Channel Preamp: Independent gain control for each USB input channel L/R , applied as PASS 1 of the DSP pipeline before any other processing. Matrix Mixer: Route either or both USB input channels to any output with independent gain and phase invert per crosspoint. 2x9 on RP2350, 2x5 on RP2040. Parametric Equalization: Up to 10 PEQ bands per channel with 6 filter types. 110 total filter bands on RP2350, 70 on RP2040. RP2350 uses a hybrid SVF/biquad architecture for superior low-frequency accuracy. Volume Leveller: RMS-based, stereo-linked, soft-knee upward compressor that lifts quieter content toward a target level without ever amplifying loud passages. Optional 10 ms lookahead, configurable speed and max-gain ceiling, with a -6 dBFS gain-reduction safety limiter. Loudness Compensation: Volume-dependent EQ based on the ISO 226:2003 equal-loudness contour standard. Automatically boosts bass and treble at low listening levels to maintain perceived tonal balance. Headphone Crossfeed: BS2B-based crossfeed with interaural time delay ITD reduces unnatural stereo separation for headphone listening. Three classic presets plus fully custom parameters. Master Volume: Device-side output ceiling -128 to 0 dB, with a true-mute sentinel applied at the very end of the signal chain, independent of USB host volume and DSP processing. Two persistence modes: stored independently of presets default — survives reboots, unaffected by preset switching or saved/restored as part of each preset. Per-Output Gain & Mute: Independent gain and mute controls for each output channel. Time Alignment: Per-output delay up to 85ms for speaker/subwoofer alignment with automatic latency compensation between S/PDIF/I2S and PDM output paths. Subwoofer Output: Dedicated mono PDM output channel with a high-performance 2nd-order delta-sigma modulator, enabling direct subwoofer output without the need for a second DAC. Dual-Core DSP: EQ processing is split across both cores on both platforms for maximum throughput when multiple outputs are active. Configurable Output Pins: All output GPIO pins including I2S BCK/MCK can be reassigned at runtime to suit custom PCB layouts, no reflashing required. 10-Slot Preset System: Save, load, and manage up to 10 complete DSP configurations with user-defined names. Includes per-channel naming, configurable startup slot, and bulk parameter transfer for fast state synchronization. Diagnostics: Per-channel peak/clip metering, USB PHY error counters CRC, bit-stuff, timeout, overflow, sequence , buffer fill statistics, S/PDIF DMA starvation counters per output slot, and CPU load reporting per core. Firmware Update via USB: A vendor command reboots the device into the UF2 bootloader, allowing the host app to push new firmware without a physical BOOTSEL press. | Feature | RP2040 Pico | RP2350 Pico 2 | |---|---|---| System Clock | 307.2 MHz overclock | 307.2 MHz | Core Voltage | 1.15 V | 1.15 V | Sample Rates | 44.1 / 48 / 96 kHz | 44.1 / 48 / 96 kHz | Audio Processing | Q28 Fixed-Point | Single-Precision Float | EQ Bands | 10 per channel 70 total | 10 per channel 110 total | Total Channels | 7 2 master + 4 S/PDIF·I2S + 1 PDM | 11 2 master + 8 S/PDIF·I2S + 1 PDM | Output Slots | 2 stereo each S/PDIF or I2S | 4 stereo each S/PDIF or I2S | Output Bit Depth | 24-bit | 24-bit | PDM Output | 1 subwoofer | 1 subwoofer | Max Delay | 85ms per output | 85ms per output | Math Engine | Hand-optimized ARM Assembly | Hardware FPU hybrid SVF/biquad EQ | Dual-Core EQ | Yes Core 1 processes outputs 3-4 | Yes Core 1 processes outputs 3-8 | User Presets | 10 slots | 10 slots | Status | Production | Production | Both platforms are fully tested and production-ready. The RP2040 reaches 307.2 MHz with a slight voltage bump; the RP2350 hits the same frequency at the same voltage. Clock is fixed no rate-dependent switching , and PIO dividers are integer at every supported sample rate. The RP2350 offers significantly more processing headroom thanks to its hardware floating-point unit, enabling more output channels and a hybrid SVF/biquad filter architecture for improved low-frequency accuracy. DSPi processes audio in a linear, low-latency pipeline: RP2350 11 channels, 9 outputs : USB Input 16/24-bit PCM Stereo, 44.1 / 48 / 96 kHz | PASS 1: Per-Channel Preamp independent L/R gain + USB Volume | PASS 2: Master EQ 10 bands per channel, Left/Right | PASS 2.5: Volume Leveller RMS upward compression, optional | PASS 3: Headphone Crossfeed BS2B + ITD, optional + Master Peak Metering | Loudness Compensation volume-dependent EQ, optional | PASS 4: Matrix Mixer 2 inputs x 9 outputs, per-crosspoint gain & phase | PASS 5: Per-Output EQ - Gain/Mute - Delay - Output Gain × Master Volume | +-- Out 1-2 -- S/PDIF or I2S slot 0 data: GPIO 6 default +-- Out 3-4 -- S/PDIF or I2S slot 1 data: GPIO 7 default +-- Out 5-6 -- S/PDIF or I2S slot 2 data: GPIO 8 default +-- Out 7-8 -- S/PDIF or I2S slot 3 data: GPIO 9 default +-- Out 9 -- PDM Sub data: GPIO 10 default I2S BCK/LRCLK shared on GPIO 14/15 default; optional MCK on GPIO 13 default RP2040 7 channels, 5 outputs : USB Input 16/24-bit PCM Stereo, 44.1 / 48 / 96 kHz | PASS 1: Per-Channel Preamp + USB Volume | PASS 2: Master EQ 10 bands per channel, Left/Right | PASS 2.5: Volume Leveller RMS upward compression, optional | PASS 3: Headphone Crossfeed BS2B + ITD, optional + Master Peak Metering | Loudness Compensation volume-dependent EQ, optional | PASS 4: Matrix Mixer 2 inputs x 5 outputs, per-crosspoint gain & phase | PASS 5: Per-Output EQ - Gain/Mute - Delay - Output Gain × Master Volume | +-- Out 1-2 -- S/PDIF or I2S slot 0 data: GPIO 6 default +-- Out 3-4 -- S/PDIF or I2S slot 1 data: GPIO 7 default +-- Out 5 -- PDM Sub data: GPIO 10 default I2S BCK/LRCLK shared on GPIO 14/15 default; optional MCK on GPIO 13 default Input USB : 16-bit or 24-bit PCM stereo audio at 44.1, 48, or 96 kHz. Bit depth is selected via USB alt setting; sample rate via the USB Audio Class rate-set request. Per-Channel Preamp PASS 1 : Independent gain control for the USB Left and Right input channels in dB. Applied at the very start of the DSP chain so its setting affects all downstream processing. Master EQ PASS 2 : Up to 10 bands of parametric EQ per channel Left/Right . Supports peaking, low shelf, high shelf, low pass, and high pass filter types. Volume Leveller PASS 2.5 : Optional feedforward, stereo-linked, single-band RMS compressor with soft-knee upward compression — quieter content is boosted toward a target level while content above the threshold passes through untouched. Configurable speed, max-gain ceiling, and noise gate. Optional 10 ms lookahead. A -6 dBFS gain-reduction safety limiter prevents output overshoots. Headphone Crossfeed PASS 3 : Optional BS2B crossfeed that mixes a filtered, delayed portion of each channel into the opposite channel. Uses a complementary filter design with interaural time delay ITD via an all-pass filter. Three presets Default, Chu Moy, Jan Meier plus custom frequency and feed level. ITD can be independently toggled. Master peak metering taps into this stage. Loudness Compensation: Optional ISO 226:2003 equal-loudness EQ that adapts to the current volume level. At low volumes, bass and treble are boosted to compensate for the ear's reduced sensitivity. Configurable reference SPL and intensity. Driven by the USB host volume position so it remains correct regardless of master-volume attenuation downstream. Matrix Mixer PASS 4 : Routes the two USB input channels Left/Right to all output channels. Each crosspoint has independent enable, gain -inf to +12 dB , and phase invert. Outputs can be individually enabled/disabled to save CPU. RP2350 has a 2x9 matrix 9 outputs , RP2040 has a 2x5 matrix 5 outputs . Output EQ PASS 5 : Independent 10-band EQ per output channel on both platforms. Ideal for crossover filters and per-driver correction. On RP2350, filters below Fs/7.5 use SVF topology for superior low-frequency accuracy; higher frequencies use traditional biquad. Per-Output Gain & Mute: Independent gain -inf to +12 dB and mute for each output channel. Time Alignment: Per-output delay for speaker alignment, up to 85 ms 4096 samples at 48 kHz . Automatic latency compensation between S/PDIF/I2S and PDM output paths. Master Volume: Device-side output ceiling, -128 to 0 dB with a true-mute sentinel at -128. Folded into the per-output multiplier at PASS 5 so it's effectively free CPU-wise. Independent of the USB host volume — the two multiply together. Does not affect loudness-compensation behavior. Outputs: Each numbered slot is configurable as either 24-bit S/PDIF or 24-bit I2S left-justified, MSB-first . I2S slots share a common BCK/LRCLK clock pair LRCLK is always BCK + 1 due to a PIO side-set constraint . An optional master clock MCK at 128× or 256× Fs can be routed to a separate GPIO. PDM subwoofer is always on its own dedicated output and pin. - Download the latest DSPi.uf2 release for your board. - Hold the BOOTSEL button on your Pico while plugging it into your computer. - A drive named RPI-RP2 will appear. - Drag and drop the .uf2 file onto this drive. - The Pico will reboot and appear as a "Weeb Labs DSPi" audio device. - Download and launch the DSPi Console application to control the DSPi. RP2350 Pico 2 — up to 8 output pins: | Function | Pin | Connection | |---|---|---| Output Slot 0 Out 1-2 | GPIO 6 default | S/PDIF or I2S data for main L/R or multi-way pair 1 | Output Slot 1 Out 3-4 | GPIO 7 default | S/PDIF or I2S data for multi-way pair 2 | Output Slot 2 Out 5-6 | GPIO 8 default | S/PDIF or I2S data for multi-way pair 3 | Output Slot 3 Out 7-8 | GPIO 9 default | S/PDIF or I2S data for multi-way pair 4 | Subwoofer Out PDM, Out 9 | GPIO 10 default | Active subwoofer or PDM-to-analog filter | I2S BCK shared, I2S only | GPIO 14 default | Bit clock for any slot configured as I2S | I2S LRCLK I2S only | GPIO 15 BCK + 1, fixed | Word/frame clock; always BCK + 1 | I2S MCK optional | GPIO 13 default | 128× or 256× Fs master clock when MCK is enabled | USB | Micro-USB | Host device PC/Mac/Mobile Device | RP2040 Pico — up to 6 output pins: | Function | Pin | Connection | |---|---|---| Output Slot 0 Out 1-2 | GPIO 6 default | S/PDIF or I2S data for main L/R or stereo pair 1 | Output Slot 1 Out 3-4 | GPIO 7 default | S/PDIF or I2S data for stereo pair 2 | Subwoofer Out PDM, Out 5 | GPIO 10 default | Active subwoofer or PDM-to-analog filter | I2S BCK shared, I2S only | GPIO 14 default | Bit clock for any slot configured as I2S | I2S LRCLK I2S only | GPIO 15 BCK + 1, fixed | Word/frame clock; always BCK + 1 | I2S MCK optional | GPIO 13 default | 128× or 256× Fs master clock when MCK is enabled | USB | Micro-USB | Host device PC/Mac/Mobile Device | Notes:S/PDIF output requires either a Toshiba TX179 optical transmitter or a simple resistor divider. I2S output is a standard 24-bit-in-32-bit left-justified frame — wires straight into most I2S DACs. PDM output is a 1-bit logic signal that requires a resistor and capacitor to form a low-pass filter for conversion to analog audio. All default pin assignments above work out of the box, but every output pin — including I2S BCK and MCK — can be reassigned at runtime through the DSPi Console application. No reflashing required. This is useful when designing custom PCBs or adapting to boards where the default GPIOs are inconvenient. Pin assignments are saved to flash and restored automatically at boot. A few GPIOs are reserved and unavailable for output use: GPIO 12 UART TX and GPIOs 23-25 power control and LED . LRCLK is always pinned to BCK + 1 due to a PIO side-set constraint. The matrix mixer routes the USB stereo input to all output channels. RP2350 has a 2x9 matrix 9 outputs , RP2040 has a 2x5 matrix 5 outputs . Each crosspoint input/output pair has: Enable/Disable: Route active or inactive. Gain: -inf to +12 dB per crosspoint. Phase Invert: Polarity flip for driver alignment. Each output channel also has: Enable: Disabled outputs skip all processing EQ, delay, conversion to save CPU. Gain: Per-output gain -inf to +12 dB . Mute: Soft mute per output. Delay: Per-output time alignment. Output Availability: Core 1 is shared between the PDM subwoofer modulator and the EQ worker that processes higher-numbered S/PDIF outputs. PDM and EQ worker modes are mutually exclusive: RP2350: | Mode | Available Outputs | Core 1 Usage | |---|---|---| PDM enabled Out 9 on | Out 1-2 S/PDIF 1 + Out 9 PDM | Delta-sigma modulator | PDM disabled Out 9 off | Out 1-8 S/PDIF 1-4 | EQ worker for Out 3-8 | RP2040: | Mode | Available Outputs | Core 1 Usage | |---|---|---| PDM enabled Out 5 on | Out 1-2 S/PDIF 1 + Out 5 PDM | Delta-sigma modulator | PDM disabled Out 5 off | Out 1-4 S/PDIF 1-2 | EQ worker for Out 3-4 | When the PDM subwoofer is active, Core 1 is fully dedicated to the delta-sigma modulator, so higher-numbered S/PDIF outputs are unavailable. When PDM is off, Core 1 runs as an EQ worker processing those outputs in parallel with Core 0. Common Configurations RP2350 : | Use Case | Routing | Mode | |---|---|---| | Stereo + Sub | L→Out1, R→Out2, L+R→Out9 | PDM on 3 outputs | | 2-Way Active | L→Out1 tweeter , L→Out3 woofer , R→Out2 tweeter , R→Out4 woofer | PDM off 4 outputs | | 3-Way Active | As above, plus mid-range on Out5-6 | PDM off 6 outputs | | 4-Way Active | As above, plus super-tweeter on Out7-8 | PDM off 8 outputs | Common Configurations RP2040 : | Use Case | Routing | Mode | |---|---|---| | Stereo | L→Out1, R→Out2 | PDM off 2 outputs | | Stereo + Sub | L→Out1, R→Out2, L+R→Out5 | PDM on 3 outputs | | 2-Way Active | L→Out1 tweeter , L→Out3 woofer , R→Out2 tweeter , R→Out4 woofer | PDM off 4 outputs | Each filter band supports 6 types: | Type | Description | |---|---| | Flat | Bypass no processing | | Peaking | Parametric bell filter | | Low Shelf | Low-frequency shelf | | High Shelf | High-frequency shelf | | Low Pass | Low-pass filter | | High Pass | High-pass filter | On RP2040, all filters use biquad IIR Transposed Direct Form II with Q28 fixed-point arithmetic. On RP2350, the firmware uses a hybrid SVF/biquad architecture: filters below Fs/7.5 ~6.4 kHz at 48 kHz use the Cytomic SVF linear trapezoid topology for superior numerical accuracy at low frequencies, while higher frequencies use traditional TDF2 biquad. All filters have configurable frequency, Q factor, and gain. Flat filters are automatically bypassed for zero CPU overhead. Channel Layout: RP2350 11 channels : | Channel | Index | EQ Bands | |---|---|---| | Master Left | 0 | 10 | | Master Right | 1 | 10 | | Output 1-8 S/PDIF | 2-9 | 10 each | | Output 9 PDM Sub | 10 | 10 | RP2040 7 channels : | Channel | Index | EQ Bands | |---|---|---| | Master Left | 0 | 10 | | Master Right | 1 | 10 | | Output 1-4 S/PDIF | 2-5 | 10 each | | Output 5 PDM Sub | 6 | 10 | Based on the ISO 226:2003 equal-loudness contour standard. At low listening volumes, the human ear is less sensitive to bass and treble frequencies. Loudness compensation applies a volume-dependent EQ curve to maintain perceived tonal balance across all listening levels. Reference SPL: Configurable 40-100 dB . Set this to the SPL where your system sounds tonally balanced at full volume. Intensity: Adjustable from 0-200% of the standard ISO curve. Implementation: Precomputed coefficient tables for all 91 volume steps, double-buffered for glitch-free updates. Implements Bauer Stereophonic-to-Binaural BS2B crossfeed with a complementary filter design that reduces unnatural stereo separation for headphone listening. Each channel receives a lowpass-filtered, time-delayed mix of the opposite channel, simulating the acoustic crossfeed that occurs with loudspeaker listening. Complementary Design: Direct path = input - lowpass input . Guarantees mono signals pass through at unity gain with no coloration. Interaural Time Delay ITD : First-order all-pass filter adds ~220us of delay to the crossfeed path, modeling sound traveling around the head for 60-degree stereo speaker placement. ITD can be independently enabled/disabled. Presets: | Preset | Cutoff | Feed Level | Character | |---|---|---|---| | Default | 700 Hz | 4.5 dB | Balanced, most popular | | Chu Moy | 700 Hz | 6.0 dB | Stronger spatial effect | | Jan Meier | 650 Hz | 9.5 dB | Subtle, natural | | Custom | 500-2000 Hz | 0-15 dB | User-defined | A feedforward, stereo-linked, single-band RMS dynamic range compressor that maintains consistent perceived volume across content with varying loudness. Upward compression: Boosts content below the threshold while leaving content above the threshold completely untouched. No makeup gain needed. RMS-based detection: Tracks root-mean-square envelope, which correlates with perceived loudness better than peak detection. Soft-knee: Gradual transition between full boost and unity gain for transparent, artifact-free behavior. Stereo-linked: The louder of the two channels determines gain for both, preserving the stereo image. Gain-reduction safety limiter: -6 dBFS ceiling enforced via gain reduction instant attack, 100 ms release rather than hard clipping. Rarely engages since loud content passes through at unity. Optional 10 ms lookahead for smoother transitions. Configurable: speed attack/release , max-gain ceiling cap on how much quiet content can be lifted , and gate threshold below which the leveller stops boosting to avoid amplifying silence/noise . The leveller sits at PASS 2.5 — after Master EQ, before crossfeed. Independent of Loudness Compensation; both can be enabled together without conflict. Each USB input channel Left and Right has an independent preamp gain in dB, applied at PASS 1 before any other processing. Useful for trimming channel imbalance, attenuating hot inputs ahead of EQ, or matching levels across sources. A legacy single-value command remains for backward compatibility sets both channels to the same value . A device-side output ceiling applied at the very end of the signal chain, independent of USB host volume. Range: -128 to 0 dB. -128 is a sentinel for true silence mute . Independent of USB host volume: the two multiply together. The host slider operates within whatever range master volume permits. Independent of DSP processing: loudness compensation, EQ, leveller, and crossfeed are all driven by the raw USB volume, not the master volume — their behavior is unchanged regardless of the master setting. Two persistence modes selectable at runtime, persists across reboots : Mode 0 — Independent default . Master volume is a stand-alone device setting. The app calls a save command to capture the current value into the directory; that value is applied at every subsequent boot. Preset save/load do not touch master volume — switching presets never moves the volume. Mode 1 — With preset. Master volume is part of each preset. Saved with the preset, restored on preset load, like any other DSP parameter. Useful when different presets target speaker setups with different sensitivity / maximum-output requirements. Default at first boot: -20 dB configurable via MASTER VOL DEFAULT DB in firmware . Each output slot can be switched at runtime between S/PDIF default and I2S, independently per slot. A single device can drive a mix — e.g., slot 0 as I2S into a DAC chip, slot 1 as S/PDIF over Toslink to an external receiver, all from the same audio pipeline. I2S format: 24-bit data, left-justified, MSB-first, 32-bit frames. Drop-in to most standard I2S DACs PCM5102, ES9038Q2M, etc. . Shared clocks: All I2S slots share a single BCK/LRCLK pair. LRCLK is always BCK + 1 PIO side-set hardware constraint . Optional MCK: When enabled, a 128× or 256× Fs master clock is generated on a configurable GPIO. Required by some DACs that don't have an internal PLL. At 96 kHz, only 128× is selectable due to PIO clock-divisor limits. Sample-aligned start: I2S slots can be brought up together so multiple DACs stay phase-locked. The DSP pipeline is identical for both output types — only the final encoding differs BMC/NRZI for S/PDIF vs. raw left-justified PCM for I2S . The subwoofer output uses a high-performance software-defined delta-sigma modulator running on Core 1. Modulation: 2nd-Order Delta-Sigma Oversampling Ratio: 256x 12.288 MHz bit clock at 48 kHz Dither: TPDF Triangular Probability Density Function with noise shaping DC Protection: Leaky integrator design preventing DC offset accumulation The objective was to use as much of Core 1 as necessary to produce an output that could be used full-range while sounding perfectly fine, even if it will only be used to feed a subwoofer. This implementation is very stable and without pops, clicks or idle tones. DSPi includes a 10-slot preset system that stores complete DSP configurations in flash. A preset is always active — there is no "no preset" state. 10 Preset Slots: Each slot stores the full DSP state: per-channel preamp, EQ bands, delays, loudness, leveller, crossfeed, matrix mixer, output gains/mutes, output type S/PDIF or I2S , I2S clock configuration, pin assignments, master volume used in Mode 1 , and per-channel names. Per-Channel Names: Each channel can be given a user-defined name up to 31 characters that is stored with the preset. Startup Configuration: Choose which preset loads on boot — either a specific default slot or whichever slot was last active. Pin Config Inclusion: Optionally include or exclude GPIO pin assignments when saving/loading presets default: include — pin layout travels with the preset . Master Volume Mode: Selects whether master volume is part of each preset Mode 1 or stored independently in the preset directory Mode 0, default . See Master Volume master-volume . Preset-Switch Mute: Audio output is briefly muted ~10 ms during preset transitions to prevent audible glitches. Legacy Commands: The original save/load/reset commands 0x51-0x53 redirect through the preset system, operating on the currently active slot. Bulk Parameter Transfer: The complete DSP state can be read or written in a single USB control transfer ~2.9 KB for fast synchronization with host applications. Auto-Migration: Older preset directories are upgraded transparently on first boot of new firmware — slot names, startup config, and other persisted state are preserved. Core 0: USB communication, audio streaming, DSP processing master EQ, crossfeed, loudness, matrix mixing, output EQ for S/PDIF pair 1 , and control logic. Core 1 three modes : PDM Mode: Delta-sigma modulator for subwoofer output when the PDM output is enabled . EQ Worker Mode: Processes output EQ, delay, and S/PDIF conversion for higher-numbered outputs in parallel with Core 0. On RP2350: outputs 3-8. On RP2040: outputs 3-4. Activated when any of those outputs are enabled and PDM is disabled. Idle Mode: When no outputs requiring Core 1 are enabled. PIO & DMA: Hardware offloading for S/PDIF encoding PIO0 and PDM bitstream generation PIO1 ensures zero CPU overhead for I/O. Math Engine: RP2040: 32-bit fixed-point Q28 processing with hand-optimized ARM assembly for the inner DSP loop. RP2350: Single-precision float pipeline with hardware FPU. Hybrid SVF/biquad EQ — Cytomic SVF for low frequencies below Fs/7.5 , TDF2 biquad above. SVF provides superior numerical accuracy for low-frequency filters where biquad coefficient quantization becomes problematic. Note:PDM mode and EQ Worker mode are mutually exclusive on Core 1. When the PDM output is enabled, Core 0 handles all S/PDIF output EQ processing. When PDM is disabled and higher-numbered outputs are active, Core 1 runs as an EQ worker for those outputs. Both platforms run at a fixed 307.2 MHz system clock VCO 1536 MHz / 5 / 1 so PIO dividers stay integer at every supported sample rate, eliminating sample-rate-dependent clock switching glitches. | Platform | System Clock | Core Voltage | |---|---|---| RP2040 | 307.2 MHz overclock | 1.15 V | RP2350 | 307.2 MHz | 1.15 V | The RP2040 reaches 307.2 MHz with a slight voltage bump above the 1.10 V nominal; the RP2350 is comfortable at the same voltage at this clock. The voltage step is applied before the frequency change. Sample rate changes do not retune the system clock, only the PIO dividers, so transitions between 44.1 / 48 / 96 kHz are seamless. Flash access is also tuned: PICO FLASH SPI CLKDIV is set to 6 to keep XIP and erase/program operations safely below the W25Q080's 104–133 MHz spec at this clock. On the RP2350, runtime QMI register management is handled by firmware/DSPi/flash clkdiv.c since the bootrom does not honor the boot2 setting on that platform. Configuration is performed via Interface 2 Vendor Interface using Control Transfers under Windows and via Interface 0 under macOS. The device supports WinUSB/WCID for automatic driverless installation on Windows. Request Table | Code | Name | Direction | Payload | Description | |---|---|---|---|---| 0x42 | REQ SET EQ PARAM | OUT | 16 bytes | Upload filter parameters | 0x43 | REQ GET EQ PARAM | IN | 16 bytes | Read filter parameters | 0x44 | REQ SET PREAMP | OUT | 4 bytes | Set global gain float dB | 0x45 | REQ GET PREAMP | IN | 4 bytes | Get global gain | 0x46 | REQ SET BYPASS | OUT | 1 byte | Bypass Master EQ 1=On, 0=Off | 0x47 | REQ GET BYPASS | IN | 1 byte | Get bypass state | 0x48 | REQ SET DELAY | OUT | 4 bytes | Set channel delay float ms | 0x49 | REQ GET DELAY | IN | 4 bytes | Get channel delay | 0x50 | REQ GET STATUS | IN | 4-12 bytes | Get system statistics wValue selects field | 0x51 | REQ SAVE PARAMS | IN | 1 byte | Save to active preset slot | 0x52 | REQ LOAD PARAMS | IN | 1 byte | Reload active preset slot | 0x53 | REQ FACTORY RESET | IN | 1 byte | Reset live state to defaults | 0x54 | REQ SET CHANNEL GAIN | OUT | 4 bytes | Set output channel gain float dB | 0x55 | REQ GET CHANNEL GAIN | IN | 4 bytes | Get output channel gain | 0x56 | REQ SET CHANNEL MUTE | OUT | 1 byte | Mute output channel 1=Muted | 0x57 | REQ GET CHANNEL MUTE | IN | 1 byte | Get mute state | 0x58 | REQ SET LOUDNESS | OUT | 1 byte | Enable/disable loudness 1=On | 0x59 | REQ GET LOUDNESS | IN | 1 byte | Get loudness state | 0x5A | REQ SET LOUDNESS REF | OUT | 4 bytes | Set reference SPL float, 40-100 | 0x5B | REQ GET LOUDNESS REF | IN | 4 bytes | Get reference SPL | 0x5C | REQ SET LOUDNESS INTENSITY | OUT | 4 bytes | Set intensity % float, 0-200 | 0x5D | REQ GET LOUDNESS INTENSITY | IN | 4 bytes | Get intensity | 0x5E | REQ SET CROSSFEED | OUT | 1 byte | Enable/disable crossfeed 1=On | 0x5F | REQ GET CROSSFEED | IN | 1 byte | Get crossfeed state | 0x60 | REQ SET CROSSFEED PRESET | OUT | 1 byte | Set preset 0-3 | 0x61 | REQ GET CROSSFEED PRESET | IN | 1 byte | Get current preset | 0x62 | REQ SET CROSSFEED FREQ | OUT | 4 bytes | Set custom frequency float Hz, 500-2000 | 0x63 | REQ GET CROSSFEED FREQ | IN | 4 bytes | Get custom frequency | 0x64 | REQ SET CROSSFEED FEED | OUT | 4 bytes | Set custom feed level float dB, 0-15 | 0x65 | REQ GET CROSSFEED FEED | IN | 4 bytes | Get custom feed level | 0x66 | REQ SET CROSSFEED ITD | OUT | 1 byte | Enable/disable ITD 1=On | 0x67 | REQ GET CROSSFEED ITD | IN | 1 byte | Get ITD state | 0x70 | REQ SET MATRIX ROUTE | OUT | 8 bytes | Set matrix crosspoint MatrixRoutePacket | 0x71 | REQ GET MATRIX ROUTE | IN | 8 bytes | Get matrix crosspoint | 0x72 | REQ SET OUTPUT ENABLE | OUT | 1 byte | Enable/disable output channel | 0x73 | REQ GET OUTPUT ENABLE | IN | 1 byte | Get output enable state | 0x74 | REQ SET OUTPUT GAIN | OUT | 4 bytes | Set per-output gain float dB | 0x75 | REQ GET OUTPUT GAIN | IN | 4 bytes | Get per-output gain | 0x76 | REQ SET OUTPUT MUTE | OUT | 1 byte | Mute output 1=Muted | 0x77 | REQ GET OUTPUT MUTE | IN | 1 byte | Get output mute state | 0x78 | REQ SET OUTPUT DELAY | OUT | 4 bytes | Set per-output delay float ms | 0x79 | REQ GET OUTPUT DELAY | IN | 4 bytes | Get per-output delay | 0x7A | REQ GET CORE1 MODE | IN | 1 byte | Get Core 1 mode 0=Idle, 1=PDM, 2=EQ Worker | 0x7B | REQ GET CORE1 CONFLICT | IN | 1 byte | Check if PDM vs EQ Worker conflict exists | 0x7C | REQ SET OUTPUT PIN | IN | 1 byte | Change output GPIO pin returns status | 0x7D | REQ GET OUTPUT PIN | IN | 1 byte | Get current GPIO pin for an output | 0x7E | REQ GET SERIAL | IN | variable | Get unique board serial number | 0x7F | REQ GET PLATFORM | IN | 1 byte | Get platform ID 0=RP2040, 1=RP2350 | 0x83 | REQ CLEAR CLIPS | OUT | — | Clear clip detection latches | 0x90 | REQ PRESET SAVE | IN | 1 byte | Save live state to preset slot wValue=slot | 0x91 | REQ PRESET LOAD | IN | 1 byte | Load preset slot to live state wValue=slot | 0x92 | REQ PRESET DELETE | IN | 1 byte | Delete preset slot wValue=slot | 0x93 | REQ PRESET GET NAME | IN | 32 bytes | Get preset name wValue=slot | 0x94 | REQ PRESET SET NAME | OUT | 32 bytes | Set preset name wValue=slot | 0x95 | REQ PRESET GET DIR | IN | variable | Get preset directory occupancy, startup config | 0x96 | REQ PRESET SET STARTUP | OUT | 2 bytes | Set startup mode and default slot | 0x97 | REQ PRESET GET STARTUP | IN | 2 bytes | Get startup configuration | 0x98 | REQ PRESET SET INCLUDE PINS | OUT | 1 byte | Set pin config inclusion 1=include | 0x99 | REQ PRESET GET INCLUDE PINS | IN | 1 byte | Get pin config inclusion setting | 0x9A | REQ PRESET GET ACTIVE | IN | 1 byte | Get currently active preset slot index | 0x9B | REQ SET CHANNEL NAME | OUT | 32 bytes | Set channel name wValue=channel | 0x9C | REQ GET CHANNEL NAME | IN | 32 bytes | Get channel name wValue=channel | 0xA0 | REQ GET ALL PARAMS | IN | ~2896 bytes | Bulk read entire DSP state multi-packet | 0xA1 | REQ SET ALL PARAMS | OUT | ~2896 bytes | Bulk write entire DSP state multi-packet | 0xB0 | REQ GET BUFFER STATS | IN | variable | Read buffer fill statistics | 0xB1 | REQ RESET BUFFER STATS | IN | 1 byte | Reset buffer statistics counters | 0xB2 | REQ GET USB ERROR STATS | IN | 24 bytes | Read USB PHY error counters CRC/bit-stuff/timeout/overflow/seq | 0xB3 | REQ RESET USB ERROR STATS | IN | 1 byte | Reset USB PHY error counters | 0xB4 | REQ SET LEVELLER ENABLE | OUT | 1 byte | Enable/disable Volume Leveller | 0xB5 | REQ GET LEVELLER ENABLE | IN | 1 byte | Get leveller enable state | 0xB6 | REQ SET LEVELLER AMOUNT | OUT | 4 bytes | Set leveller target/amount float | 0xB7 | REQ GET LEVELLER AMOUNT | IN | 4 bytes | Get leveller amount | 0xB8 | REQ SET LEVELLER SPEED | OUT | 1 byte | Set leveller attack/release speed | 0xB9 | REQ GET LEVELLER SPEED | IN | 1 byte | Get leveller speed | 0xBA | REQ SET LEVELLER MAX GAIN | OUT | 4 bytes | Set max upward gain float dB | 0xBB | REQ GET LEVELLER MAX GAIN | IN | 4 bytes | Get max upward gain | 0xBC | REQ SET LEVELLER LOOKAHEAD | OUT | 1 byte | Enable/disable 10 ms lookahead | 0xBD | REQ GET LEVELLER LOOKAHEAD | IN | 1 byte | Get lookahead state | 0xBE | REQ SET LEVELLER GATE | OUT | 4 bytes | Set noise-gate threshold float dB | 0xBF | REQ GET LEVELLER GATE | IN | 4 bytes | Get noise-gate threshold | 0xC0 | REQ SET OUTPUT TYPE | OUT | 1 byte | Set slot output type 0=S/PDIF, 1=I2S; wValue=slot | 0xC1 | REQ GET OUTPUT TYPE | IN | 1 byte | Get slot output type wValue=slot | 0xC2 | REQ SET I2S BCK PIN | OUT | 1 byte | Set shared I2S BCK GPIO LRCLK auto = BCK + 1 | 0xC3 | REQ GET I2S BCK PIN | IN | 1 byte | Get current I2S BCK pin | 0xC4 | REQ SET MCK ENABLE | OUT | 1 byte | Enable/disable I2S master clock output | 0xC5 | REQ GET MCK ENABLE | IN | 1 byte | Get MCK enable state | 0xC6 | REQ SET MCK PIN | OUT | 1 byte | Set MCK GPIO | 0xC7 | REQ GET MCK PIN | IN | 1 byte | Get MCK GPIO | 0xC8 | REQ SET MCK MULTIPLIER | OUT | 1 byte | Set MCK multiplier 0=128×, 1=256× | 0xC9 | REQ GET MCK MULTIPLIER | IN | 1 byte | Get MCK multiplier | 0xD0 | REQ SET PREAMP CH | OUT | 4 bytes | Set per-channel preamp wValue=channel, payload=float dB | 0xD1 | REQ GET PREAMP CH | IN | 4 bytes | Get per-channel preamp wValue=channel | 0xD2 | REQ SET MASTER VOLUME | OUT | 4 bytes | Set master volume -128 mute sentinel, -127..0 dB | 0xD3 | REQ GET MASTER VOLUME | IN | 4 bytes | Get current live master volume | 0xD4 | REQ SET MASTER VOLUME MODE | OUT | 1 byte | Set persistence mode 0=independent, 1=with preset | 0xD5 | REQ GET MASTER VOLUME MODE | IN | 1 byte | Get persistence mode | 0xD6 | REQ SAVE MASTER VOLUME | IN | 1 byte | Save live master volume to directory mode 0 persistence | 0xD7 | REQ GET SAVED MASTER VOLUME | IN | 4 bytes | Read directory's saved master-volume value | 0xF0 | REQ ENTER BOOTLOADER | IN | 1 byte | Reboot into UF2 bootloader for firmware update | The REQ GET STATUS request returns data based on the wValue field: | wValue | Returns | Description | |---|---|---| 0 | uint32 | Peaks for channels 0-1 packed 16-bit values | 1 | uint32 | Peaks for channels 2-3 packed 16-bit values | 2 | uint32 | Peak for channel 4 + CPU0/CPU1 load packed | 3 | uint32 | PDM ring buffer overruns | 4 | uint32 | PDM ring buffer underruns | 5 | uint32 | PDM DMA overruns | 6 | uint32 | PDM DMA underruns | 7 | uint32 | S/PDIF overruns | 8 | uint32 | S/PDIF underruns | 9 | 12 bytes | Combined: all 5 peaks + CPU loads | 10 | uint32 | USB audio packet count | 11 | uint32 | USB alt setting | 12 | uint32 | USB audio mounted state | 13 | uint32 | System clock frequency Hz | 14 | uint32 | Core voltage millivolts | 15 | uint32 | Sample rate Hz | 16 | int32 | System temperature centi-degrees C | 17 | uint32 | Total S/PDIF DMA starvations all slots combined | 18 | uint32 | S/PDIF slot 0 starvations Out 1-2 | 19 | uint32 | S/PDIF slot 1 starvations Out 3-4 | 20 | uint32 | S/PDIF slot 2 starvations Out 5-6, RP2350 | 21 | uint32 | S/PDIF slot 3 starvations Out 7-8, RP2350 | A starvation event means the S/PDIF DMA needed a buffer but the consumer pool was empty, so the firmware substituted a silence buffer for that transfer. This is a more direct output-side dropout signal than the older spdif underruns USB-packet-gap heuristic. Filter Packet 16 bytes : struct attribute packed { uint8 t channel; // RP2350: 0-10, RP2040: 0-6 uint8 t band; // 0-9 uint8 t type; // 0=Flat, 1=Peak, 2=LS, 3=HS, 4=LP, 5=HP uint8 t reserved; float freq; // Hz float Q; float gain db; } Matrix Route Packet 8 bytes : struct attribute packed { uint8 t input; // 0-1 USB L/R uint8 t output; // RP2350: 0-8, RP2040: 0-4 uint8 t enabled; // 0 or 1 uint8 t phase invert; // 0 or 1 float gain db; // -inf to +12dB } Output GPIO pins can be reassigned at runtime without reflashing. This is useful for custom PCB layouts or when the default pin assignments conflict with other hardware. REQ SET OUTPUT PIN 0x7C — IN transfer, returns 1-byte status: wValue = new pin << 8 | output index - RP2350: output index 0-3 for S/PDIF outputs 1-4, 4 for PDM subwoofer - RP2040: output index 0-1 for S/PDIF outputs 1-2, 2 for PDM subwoofer - S/PDIF outputs are automatically disabled and re-enabled during the pin change ~1ms audio dropout on that output only - PDM output must be disabled first disable via REQ SET OUTPUT ENABLE , otherwise returns PIN CONFIG OUTPUT ACTIVE | Status Code | Value | Meaning | |---|---|---| PIN CONFIG SUCCESS | 0x00 | Pin changed successfully | PIN CONFIG INVALID PIN | 0x01 | Pin out of range or reserved GPIO 12, 23-25 | PIN CONFIG PIN IN USE | 0x02 | Pin already assigned to another output | PIN CONFIG INVALID OUTPUT | 0x03 | Output index out of range | PIN CONFIG OUTPUT ACTIVE | 0x04 | PDM output must be disabled before changing its pin | REQ GET OUTPUT PIN 0x7D — IN transfer, returns 1 byte: wValue = output index- Returns the current GPIO pin number for that output Pin assignments are stored in each preset and can optionally be included during preset save/load controlled via REQ PRESET SET INCLUDE PINS . To build the firmware yourself, you'll need a standard Raspberry Pi Pico C/C++ development environment. Ensure you have the following tools installed: CMake 3.13 or newer Arm GNU Toolchain arm-none-eabi-gcc , etc. Python 3 for Pico SDK scripts Git Clone the project recursively to include the Pico SDK and other submodules: git clone --recursive https://github.com/WeebLabs/DSPi.git cd DSPi If you already cloned without --recursive, run: git submodule update --init --recursive You can build for either the standard RP2040 Raspberry Pi Pico or the newer RP2350 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 . The build system uses separate directories to avoid conflicts. Option A: Build for RP2040 Standard Pico mkdir build-rp2040 cd build-rp2040 cmake -DPICO BOARD=pico -DPICO EXTRAS PATH=../firmware/pico-extras ../firmware make Output: DSPi/DSPi.uf2 Option B: Build for RP2350 Pico 2 mkdir build-rp2350 cd build-rp2350 cmake -DPICO BOARD=pico2 -DPICO EXTRAS PATH=../firmware/pico-extras ../firmware make Output: DSPi/DSPi.uf2 - Hold the BOOTSEL button on your board while plugging it in. - Drag and drop the generated .uf2 file onto the RPI-RP2 or RP2350 drive. Alternatively, an already-running DSPi can be put into bootloader mode without a button press by sending REQ ENTER BOOTLOADER 0xF0 . The DSPi Console application uses this for one-click firmware updates. See Documentation/Features/firmware update.md /WeebLabs/DSPi/blob/main/Documentation/Features/firmware update.md for the protocol details. In-depth specs for each subsystem are kept under Documentation/Features/ /WeebLabs/DSPi/blob/main/Documentation/Features . These are the authoritative source for protocol formats, wire layouts, edge cases, and host-app integration patterns. | Feature | Spec | |---|---| | Matrix Mixer | matrixmixer spec.md | user presets spec.md master volume spec.md per channel preamp spec.md volume leveller spec.md i2s output spec.md peak clip metering spec.md buffer statistics spec.md spdif starvation spec.md usb errors spec.md core1 modes spec.md device identification spec.md SPDIF input spec.md Documentation/Features/firmware update.md roadmap.md This project is licensed under the GNU General Public License v3.0. See LICENSE /WeebLabs/DSPi/blob/main/LICENSE for details.