Dartmouth Workshop on Artificial Intelligence (1956)

The 1956 Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, organized by John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester, and Claude Shannon, is widely considered the founding event of artificial intelligence as a field. The eight-week workshop at Dartmouth College brought together mathematicians and scientists for brainstorming sessions, and has been called "the Constitutional Convention of AI.

Dartmouth workshop | Date | 1956 | |---|---| | Duration | Eight weeks | | Venue | | John McCarthy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John McCarthy computer scientist , Marvin Minsky https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin Minsky , Nathaniel Rochester https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel Rochester computer scientist , and Claude Shannon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude Shannon The Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence was a 1956 summer workshop widely considered 1 cite note-1 2 cite note-2 3 to be the founding event of artificial intelligence https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial intelligence as a field. The workshop has been referred to as "the Constitutional Convention of AI". 4 cite note-4 The project's four organizers, 5 cite note-5 Claude Shannon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude Shannon , John McCarthy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John McCarthy computer scientist , Nathaniel Rochester https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel Rochester computer scientist and Marvin Minsky https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin Minsky , are considered some of the "founding fathers" of AI. 6 cite note-6 However it was not the first conference devoted to what would now be described as the question of artificial intelligence: it postdated meetings such as the 1951 Paris 7 cite note-7 cybernetics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics conference and the 8 cite note-8 Macy meetings https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy conferences . The project lasted approximately six to eight weeks and consisted largely of brainstorming https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstorming sessions. Eleven mathematicians and scientists originally planned to attend; not all of them attended, but more than ten others came for short times. Background edit /w/index.php?title=Dartmouth workshop&action=edit§ion=1 In the early 1950s, there were various names for the field of "thinking machines": cybernetics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics , automata theory https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automata theory , and complex information processing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data processing . 9 The variety of names suggests the variety of conceptual orientations. In 1955, John McCarthy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John McCarthy computer scientist , then a young Assistant Professor of Mathematics at Dartmouth College https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth College , decided to organize a group to clarify and develop ideas about thinking machines. He picked the name 'Artificial Intelligence' for the new field. He chose the name partly for its neutrality; avoiding a focus on narrow automata theory, and avoiding cybernetics which was heavily focused on analog feedback, as well as him potentially having to accept the assertive Norbert Wiener https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert Wiener as guru or having to argue with him. 10 cite note-10 In early 1955, McCarthy approached the Rockefeller Foundation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller Foundation to request funding for a summer seminar at Dartmouth for about 10 participants. In June, he and Claude Shannon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude Shannon , a founder of information theory https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information theory then at Bell Labs https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell Labs , met with Robert Morison, Director of Biological and Medical Research to discuss the idea and possible funding, though Morison was unsure whether money would be made available for such a visionary project. 11 cite note-11 On September 2, 1955, the project was formally proposed by McCarthy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John McCarthy computer scientist , Marvin Minsky https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin Minsky , Nathaniel Rochester https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel Rochester computer scientist and Claude Shannon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude Shannon . The proposal is credited with introducing the term 'artificial intelligence'. We propose that a 2-month, 10-man study of artificial intelligence be carried out during the summer of 1956 at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire . The study is to proceed on the basis of the conjecture that every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it. An attempt will be made to find how to make machines use language, form abstractions and concepts, solve kinds of problems now reserved for humans, and improve themselves. We think that a significant advance can be made in one or more of these problems if a carefully selected group of scientists work on it together for a summer. The proposal goes on to discuss computers https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computers , natural language processing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural language processing , neural networks https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial neural network , theory of computation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory of computation , abstraction https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction and creativity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativity these areas within the field of artificial intelligence are considered still relevant to the work of the field . On May 26, 1956, McCarthy notified Robert Morison of the planned 11 attendees: For the full period: - 1 Dr. Marvin Minsky https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin Minsky - 2 Dr. Julian Bigelow https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian Bigelow - 3 Professor D.M. Mackay https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald MacCrimmon MacKay - 4 Mr. Ray Solomonoff https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray Solomonoff - 5 Mr. John Holland https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John Henry Holland - 6 Dr. John McCarthy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John McCarthy computer scientist For four weeks: For the first two weeks: He noted, "we will concentrate on a problem of devising a way of programming https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer programming a calculator to form concepts and to form generalizations. This of course is subject to change when the group gets together." 3 cite note-auto-3 The actual participants came at different times, mostly for much shorter times. Trenchard More replaced Rochester for three weeks and MacKay and Holland did not attend—but the project was set to begin. Around June 18, 1956, the earliest participants perhaps only Ray Solomonoff, maybe with Tom Etter arrived at the Dartmouth campus in Hanover, N.H., to join John McCarthy who already had an apartment there. Solomonoff and Minsky stayed at Professors' apartments, but most would stay at the Hanover Inn. Dates edit /w/index.php?title=Dartmouth workshop&action=edit§ion=2 The Dartmouth Workshop is usually said to have run for six weeks. 14 Ray Solomonoff's notes taken during the workshop, however, indicate that it ran for roughly eight weeks, from about June 18 to August 17. Solomonoff's notes start on June 22; June 28 mentions Minsky, June 30 mentions Hanover, N.H., July 1 mentions Tom Etter. On August 17, Solomonoff gave a final talk. 15 cite note-15 16 cite note-16 Participants edit /w/index.php?title=Dartmouth workshop&action=edit§ion=3 Initially, McCarthy lost his list of attendees. Instead, after the workshop, McCarthy sent Solomonoff a preliminary list of participants and visitors plus those interested in the subject. 47 people were listed. 17 cite note-AI list TS-17 13 cite note-proposal reset w list-13 Solomonoff, however, made a list of participants in his notes of the summer project: 18 cite note-solomonoff note w attendees-18 Ray Solomonoff https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray Solomonoff Marvin Minsky https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin Minsky John McCarthy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John McCarthy computer scientist Claude Shannon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude Shannon Trenchard More https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenchard More Nat Rochester https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel Rochester computer scientist Oliver Selfridge https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver Selfridge Julian Bigelow https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian Bigelow W. Ross Ashby https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W. Ross Ashby W.S. McCulloch https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.S. McCulloch Abraham Robinson https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham Robinson - Tom Etter John Nash https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John Forbes Nash Jr. David Sayre https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David Sayre Arthur Samuel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur Samuel computer scientist Kenneth R. Shoulders https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth R. Shoulders - Shoulders' friend - Alex Bernstein Herbert Simon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert A. Simon Allen Newell https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen Newell Shannon attended Solomonoff's talk on July 10 and Bigelow gave a talk on August 15. Solomonoff doesn't mention Bernard Widrow https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard Widrow , but in 1994 Widrow said that he and an unidentified colleague from the same lab in MIT had attended for one week. In the same interview Widrow recalled that "I think Wesley Clark https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley A. Clark and Belmont Farley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont Farley?action=edit&redlink=1 were there from Lincoln Lab." 19 Trenchard mentions R. Culver and Solomonoff mentions Bill Shutz https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William Schutz . Herb Gelernter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert Gelernter didn't attend, but was influenced later by what Rochester learned. 20 cite note-20 In an article in IEEE Spectrum , Grace Solomonoff additionally identifies Peter Milner https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter Milner in a photo taken by Nathaniel Rochester https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel Rochester computer scientist in front of Dartmouth Hall https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth Hall . 21 cite note-21 Ray Solomonoff, Marvin Minsky, and John McCarthy were the only three who stayed for the full time. Trenchard took attendance during two weeks of his three-week visit. From three to about eight people would attend the daily sessions. 22 cite note-22 Event and aftermath edit /w/index.php?title=Dartmouth workshop&action=edit§ion=4 They had the entire top floor of the Dartmouth Math Department to themselves, and most weekdays they would meet at the main math classroom where someone might lead a discussion focusing on his ideas, or more frequently, a general discussion would be held. It was not a directed group research project; discussions covered many topics, but several directions are considered to have been initiated or encouraged by the Workshop: the rise of symbolic methods, systems focused on limited domains early expert systems https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert system , and deductive systems versus inductive systems. One participant, Arthur Samuel, said, "It was very interesting, very stimulating, very exciting". 9 cite note-McCorduck-9 Ray Solomonoff kept notes giving his impression of the talks and the ideas from various discussions. 23 cite note-23 McCarthy's 1956 AI distribution list edit /w/index.php?title=Dartmouth workshop&action=edit§ion=5 This is the list in the "People Interested in the Artificial Intelligence Problem" document which McCarthy produced in 1956 17 cite note-AI list TS-17 13 , partly in lieu of a list of attendees at the Dartmouth workshop. According to McCarthy the list was "being sent to the people on the list and a few others", and its purpose was "to let those on it know who is interested in receiving documents on the problem" of artificial intelligence. McCarthy also promised to deliver them a report on the Dartmouth conference, and to send an updated list soon afterwards. It includes people who did not attend the conference and does not include everyone who did attend it. | Original list | Further information | ||| |---|---|---|---|---| | Name as listed | Address as listed | Description not from original | Attended workshop? | Other | | Adelson, Marvin | Hughes Aircraft Co. Intl. Airport Station, L.A. 45, Calif. | ||| | 18 cite note-solomonoff note w attendees-18 Backus, John https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John Backus 18 cite note-solomonoff note w attendees-18 Institute for Advanced Studies https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute for Advanced Study , Princeton, N.J. 18 cite note-solomonoff note w attendees-18 Elias, Peter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter Elias R. L. E. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research Laboratory of Electronics , MIT, Cambridge 39, Mass. Fano, R.M. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert Fano R.L.E. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research Laboratory of Electronics , M.I.T., Cambridge, Mass. Farley, B.G. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont Farley?action=edit&redlink=1 19 cite note-widrow on attendance-19 Galanter, E.H. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene Galanter Gelernter, Herbert https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert Gelernter Bell Telephone Laboratories https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell Labs , Murray Hill,N.J. Miller, George A. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George Armitage Miller Harmon, Leon D. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon Harmon Bell Tel. Laboratories https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell Labs , Murray Hill, N.J. Holland, John H. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John Henry Holland Kautz, William H. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kautz filter Stanford Research Institute https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRI International , Menlo Park, Calif. Luce, R.D. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R. Duncan Luce MacKay, Donald https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald MacCrimmon MacKay McCarthy, John https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John McCarthy computer scientist 18 cite note-solomonoff note w attendees-18 McCulloch, Warren S. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren Sturgis McCulloch R.L.E. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research Laboratory of Electronics , M.I.T., Cambridge, 39, Mass. 18 cite note-solomonoff note w attendees-18 Minsky, M.L. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin Minsky 18 cite note-solomonoff note w attendees-18 More, Trenchard https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenchard More 18 cite note-solomonoff note w attendees-18 Nash, John https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John Forbes Nash Jr. Institute for Advanced Studies https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute for Advanced Study , Princeton, N.J. 18 cite note-solomonoff note w attendees-18 Newell, Allen https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen Newell 18 cite note-solomonoff note w attendees-18 Robinson, Abraham https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham Robinson 18 cite note-solomonoff note w attendees-18 Rochester, Nathaniel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel Rochester computer scientist 18 cite note-solomonoff note w attendees-18 Rogers, Hartley, Jr. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartley Rogers Jr. MIT Cambridge, MA. Rosenblith, Walter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter A. Rosenblith R.L.E. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research Laboratory of Electronics , M.I.T., Cambridge 39, Mass. Sayre, David https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David Sayre 18 cite note-solomonoff note w attendees-18 Lincoln Laboratory https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT Lincoln Laboratory , M.I.T., Lexington, Mass. Shapley, L. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd Shapley Rand Corp. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND Corporation , 1700 Main St., Santa Monica, California Schutzenberger, M.P. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel-Paul Schützenberger R.L.E. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research Laboratory of Electronics , M.I.T., Cambridge 39, Mass. Selfridge, O.G. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver Selfridge Lincoln Lab. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT Lincoln Laboratory , M.I.T., Lexington, Mass. 18 cite note-solomonoff note w attendees-18 Shannon, C.E. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude Shannon R.L.E. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research Laboratory of Electronics , M.I.T., Cambridge 39, Mass. 18 cite note-solomonoff note w attendees-18 Shapiro, Norman https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman Shapiro RAND Corp. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND Corporation , 1700 Main St., Santa Monica, California Simon, Herbert A. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert A. Simon 18 cite note-solomonoff note w attendees-18 Solomonoff, Raymond J. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray Solomonoff 18 cite note-solomonoff note w attendees-18 Bell Tel. Lab. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell Labs Murray Hill, N.J. Kemeny, John G. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John G. Kemeny Hanover, N.H. WADC https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright Air Development Center , Area B., Box 8698, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio See also edit /w/index.php?title=Dartmouth workshop&action=edit§ion=6 Glossary of artificial intelligence https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary of artificial intelligence History of artificial intelligence https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History of artificial intelligence AI@50 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI@50 – a 50th anniversary conference, including some of the original delegates. References edit /w/index.php?title=Dartmouth workshop&action=edit§ion=7 ↑ cite ref-1 Solomonoff, R.J. "The Time Scale of Artificial Intelligence; Reflections on Social Effects", Human Systems Management , Vol 5, pp. 149–153, 1985 ↑ cite ref-2 Moor, J., "The Dartmouth College Artificial Intelligence Conference: The Next Fifty years", AI Magazine , Vol 27, No. 4, pp. 87–89, 2006 1 cite ref-auto 3-0 2 cite ref-auto 3-1 Kline, Ronald R., "Cybernetics, Automata Studies and the Dartmouth Conference on Artificial Intelligence", IEEE Annals of the History of Computing , October–December, 2011, IEEE Computer Society ↑ cite ref-4 Solomonoff, Grace 2023-05-06 . "The Meeting of the Minds That Launched AI" https://spectrum.ieee.org/dartmouth-ai-workshop . ieeespectrum . Retrieved 2024-06-19. ↑ cite ref-5 Frana, Philip L.; Klein, Michael J., eds. 2021 .. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 105. Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence: The Past, Present, and Future of AI ISBN https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN identifier 978-1-4408-5326-5 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5326-5 . ↑ cite ref-6 Marquis, Pierre; Papini, Odile; Prade, Henri, eds. 2020 .. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. xiii. A Guided Tour of Artificial Intelligence Research: Volume III: Interfaces and Applications of Artificial Intelligence doi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi identifier : 10.1007/978-3-030-06170-8 https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-06170-8 . ISBN https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN identifier 978-3-030-06169-2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-06169-2 . ↑ cite ref-7 Nayak, Bhabani Shankar; Walton, Nigel 2024 .. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. p. 3. Political Economy of Artificial Intelligence: Critical Reflections on Big Data Market, Economic Development and Data Society doi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi identifier : 10.1007/978-3-031-62308-0 https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-62308-0 . ISBN https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN identifier 978-3-031-62307-3 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-62307-3 . ↑ cite ref-8 Carpenter, Brian E. 2018 . "A Meeting that Missed its Mark: the Paris Conference of 1951" https://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~brian/rutherford8.html . The Rutherford Journal . 5 . 1 cite ref-McCorduck 9-0 2 cite ref-McCorduck 9-1 McCorduck, Patricia, Machines Who Think , A.K. Peters, Ltd, 2nd ed., 2004 ISBN https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN identifier 9781040083109 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781040083109 page needed https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing sources ↑ cite ref-10 Nilsson, Nils https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils John Nilsson 2009 . The Quest for Artificial Intelligence . Cambridge University Press https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge University Press . p. 78. ISBN https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN identifier 9780521116398 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521116398 . ↑ cite ref-11 Kline, Ronald R., "Cybernetics, Automata Studies and the Dartmouth Conference on Artificial Intelligence", IEEE Annals of the History of Computing , October–December, 2011, IEEE Computer Society, citing letters, from Rockefeller Foundation Archives, Dartmouth file 6, 17, 1955 etc. ↑ cite ref-proposal TS marked 12-0 McCarthy, J. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John McCarthy computer scientist ; Minsky, M.L. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin Minsky ; Rochester, N. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel Rochester computer scientist ; Shannon, C.E. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude Shannon 31 August 1955 , PDF , retrieved 2026-05-25. This copy has handwritten notes by Solomonoff? , mostly marginal commentary A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence 1 cite ref-proposal reset w list 13-0 2 cite ref-proposal reset w list 13-1 3 cite ref-proposal reset w list 13-2 McCarthy, J. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John McCarthy computer scientist ; Minsky, M.L. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin Minsky ; Rochester, N. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel Rochester computer scientist ; Shannon, C.E. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude Shannon 31 August 1955 , PDF , retrieved 2026-05-22 This is a reset version of the 1955 proposal document. McCarthy's September 1956 ? list of attendees and others interested in AI has been added with some copyediting changes at the end A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence ↑ cite ref-14 Nilsson, Nils https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils John Nilsson 2009 . The Quest for Artificial Intelligence . Cambridge University Press https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge University Press . p. 53. ISBN https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN identifier 9780521116398 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521116398 . ↑ cite ref-15 Solomonoff, R.J., "Talk", 1956 URL http://raysolomonoff.com/dartmouth/boxbdart/dart56ray622716talk710.pdf ↑ cite ref-16 Papers http://raysolomonoff.com/dartmouth/boxbdart/boxbdart.html 1 cite ref-AI list TS 17-0 2 cite ref-AI list TS 17-1 McCarthy, John https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John McCarthy September 1956 . "People Interested in the Artificial Intelligence Problem" https://raysolomonoff.com/dartmouth/misc/mccarthylist.pdf PDF . Retrieved 25 May 2026. 1 cite ref-solomonoff note w attendees 18-0 2 cite ref-solomonoff note w attendees 18-1 3 cite ref-solomonoff note w attendees 18-2 4 cite ref-solomonoff note w attendees 18-3 5 cite ref-solomonoff note w attendees 18-4 6 cite ref-solomonoff note w attendees 18-5 7 cite ref-solomonoff note w attendees 18-6 8 cite ref-solomonoff note w attendees 18-7 9 cite ref-solomonoff note w attendees 18-8 10 cite ref-solomonoff note w attendees 18-9 11 cite ref-solomonoff note w attendees 18-10 12 cite ref-solomonoff note w attendees 18-11 13 cite ref-solomonoff note w attendees 18-12 14 cite ref-solomonoff note w attendees 18-13 15 cite ref-solomonoff note w attendees 18-14 16 cite ref-solomonoff note w attendees 18-15 17 cite ref-solomonoff note w attendees 18-16 http://raysolomonoff.com/dartmouth/boxbdart/dart56ray812825who.pdf http://raysolomonoff.com/dartmouth/boxbdart/dart56ray812825who.pdf 1956 1 cite ref-widrow on attendance 19-0 2 cite ref-widrow on attendance 19-1 Widrow, Bernard https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard Widrow . "Bernard Widrow". In Anderson, James A. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James A. Anderson ; Rosenfeld, Edward eds. .. pp. 44–69. Talking Nets : An Oral History of Neural Networks doi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi identifier : 10.7551/mitpress/6626.003.0004 https://doi.org/10.7551%2Fmitpress%2F6626.003.0004 . ISBN https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN identifier 978-0-262-26715-1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-26715-1 . Retrieved 25 May 2026. pp. 48–9:A friend of mine was doing work at our lab at MIT. There was a seminar going on at Dartmouth College that somehow he had found out about. The subject, he told me, was called artificial intelligence.¶I said to him, "What's that"? So he explained to me a bit about artificial intelligence, and so we went to Dartmouth College. We just got in his car, and we took off and drove to Hanover, New Hampshire. We decided we were going to spend some time there. We didn't know how much time. We spent a week, listening to what people were saying. It seems to me Minsky was there, and McCarthy was there, and a man from IBM named Rochester was there. He was doing some very early work on neural nets. I think Clark and Farley were there from Lincoln Lab. ↑ cite ref-20 Nilsson, Nils https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils John Nilsson 2009 . The Quest for Artificial Intelligence . Cambridge University Press https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge University Press . p. 118. ISBN https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN identifier 9780521116398 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521116398 . ↑ cite ref-21 Solomonoff, Grace https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace Solomonoff?action=edit&redlink=1 2023 . "The Meeting of the Minds That Launched AI" https://spectrum.ieee.org/dartmouth-ai-workshop . 5 . IEEE Spectrum https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE Spectrum ↑ cite ref-22 More, Trenchard, 1956, http://raysolomonoff.com/dartmouth/boxa/dart56more5th6thweeks.pdf http://raysolomonoff.com/dartmouth/boxa/dart56more5th6thweeks.pdf ↑ cite ref-23 "Dartmouth AI Archives" http://raysolomonoff.com/dartmouth/ . External links edit /w/index.php?title=Dartmouth workshop&action=edit§ion=8