Bretisilocin

Bretisilocin (GM-2505), a serotonergic psychedelic tryptamine analogue of DMT, is under development for major depressive disorder. The drug acts as a potent 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist and serotonin releasing agent, producing hallucinogenic effects in humans via intravenous infusion.

Bretisilocin | Clinical data | | |---|---| | Other names | GM-2505; GM2505; 5-Fluoro-N-methyl-N-ethyltryptamine; 5F-MET; 5-F-MET; 5-Fluoro-MET | administration | Intravenous /wiki/Intravenous administration , 1 cite note-AdisInsight-1 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 3 cite note-HughesChristianDvorak2023-3 4 cite note-UmbrichtChristianWinters2024-4 intranasal /wiki/Intranasal administration 5 cite note-Aipsin-5 Drug class /wiki/Drug class Serotonergic psychedelic /wiki/Serotonergic psychedelic ; Hallucinogen /wiki/Hallucinogen ; Serotonin /wiki/Serotonin 5-HT /wiki/5-HT2A receptor and2A 5-HT /wiki/5-HT2C receptor 2Creceptor agonist /wiki/Agonist ; Serotonin /wiki/Serotonin 5-HT /wiki/5-HT2B receptor 2Breceptor partial agonist /wiki/Partial agonist or antagonist /wiki/Receptor antagonist ; Serotonin releasing agent /wiki/Serotonin releasing agent Legal status /wiki/Regulation of therapeutic goods - Investigational Pharmacokinetic /wiki/Pharmacokinetics data Onset of action /wiki/Onset of action IV /wiki/Intravenous injection : 10–20 minutes peak /wiki/Tmax pharmacology 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 Elimination half-life /wiki/Biological half-life 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 3 cite note-HughesChristianDvorak2023-3 Duration of action /wiki/Pharmacodynamics Duration of action IV /wiki/Intravenous injection : 60–90 minutes 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 6 cite note-Peplow2024-6 N -ethyl-2- 5-fluoro-1 H -indol-3-yl - N -methylethanamine CAS Number /wiki/CAS Registry Number PubChem /wiki/PubChem CID CID ChemSpider /wiki/ChemSpider ChEMBL /wiki/ChEMBL Formula /wiki/Chemical formula 13H17FN2 Molar mass /wiki/Molar mass −1 JSmol /wiki/JSmol - CCN C CCC1=CNC2=C1C=C C=C2 F - InChI=1S/C13H17FN2/c1-3-16 2 7-6-10-9-15-13-5-4-11 14 8-12 10 13/h4-5,8-9,15H,3,6-7H2,1-2H3 - Key:XRWQULAXCLVBPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bretisilocin , also known by its developmental code name GM-2505 and as 5-fluoro- N-methyl-N-ethyltryptamine 5F-MET or 5-fluoro-MET , is a serotonergic psychedelic /wiki/Serotonergic psychedelic of the tryptamine /wiki/Substituted tryptamine family which is under development for the treatment of major depressive disorder /wiki/Major depressive disorder . 1 cite note-AdisInsight-1 7 cite note-WitkinGolaniSmith2023-7 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 It is an 3 cite note-HughesChristianDvorak2023-3 analogue /wiki/Structural analog of dimethyltryptamine /wiki/Dimethyltryptamine DMT and is the 5- fluorinated /wiki/Fluorine derivative /wiki/Chemical derivative of methylethyltryptamine /wiki/Methylethyltryptamine MET . Bretisilocin's 8 cite note-US11440879B2-8 route of administration /wiki/Route of administration is intravenous infusion /wiki/Intravenous infusion . 1 cite note-AdisInsight-1 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 3 cite note-HughesChristianDvorak2023-3 4 cite note-UmbrichtChristianWinters2024-4 The drug acts as a potent /wiki/Potency pharmacology and well-balanced serotonin /wiki/Serotonin 5-HT 2A /wiki/5-HT2A receptor and 5-HT /wiki/5-HT2C receptor 2Creceptor agonist /wiki/Agonist , serotonin 5-HT /wiki/5-HT2B receptor 2Breceptor partial agonist /wiki/Partial agonist or antagonist /wiki/Receptor antagonist , and serotonin releasing agent /wiki/Serotonin releasing agent . 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 9 cite note-HughesKleinAustin2022-9 8 cite note-US11440879B2-8 It produces psychedelic-like effects in animals and similarly produces robust 10 cite note-WO2022256554-10 hallucinogenic /wiki/Hallucinogen effects in humans. 9 cite note-HughesKleinAustin2022-9 The 3 cite note-HughesChristianDvorak2023-3 duration /wiki/Duration of action of bretisilocin is 60 to 90 minutes and is intermediate between the durations of DMT and psilocybin /wiki/Psilocybin . 6 cite note-Peplow2024-6 11 cite note-HughesKleinDvorak2023-11 4 cite note-UmbrichtChristianWinters2024-4 12 cite note-Gunther2023-12 8 cite note-US11440879B2-8 It has been regarded by its developer as an "improved version of DMT". 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 12 cite note-Gunther2023-12 Bretisilocin was invented by Andrew Kruegel at Gilgamesh Pharmaceuticals /wiki/Gilgamesh Pharmaceuticals and was patented /wiki/Patented in 2021. 9 cite note-HughesKleinAustin2022-9 10 It is under development by Gilgamesh Pharmaceuticals. As of June 2025, the drug is in 1 cite note-AdisInsight-1 phase 2 /wiki/Phases of clinical research Phase II clinical trials /wiki/Clinical trial for the treatment of major depressive disorder /wiki/Major depressive disorder . Bretisilocin was acquired from Gilgamesh Pharmaceuticals by 1 cite note-AdisInsight-1 AbbVie /wiki/AbbVie in a deal worth up to $1.2 billion in August 2025. 13 cite note-Taylor2025b-13 It was encountered as a novel 14 cite note-PsychedelicAlpha2025b-14 recreational /wiki/Recreational drug designer drug /wiki/Designer drug in 2026. 5 cite note-Aipsin-5 Use and effects edit /w/index.php?title=Bretisilocin&action=edit§ion=1 Bretisilocin, given by intravenous injection /wiki/Intravenous injection , produces threshold psychedelic /wiki/Psychedelic effects at doses of 1 mg and 3.3 mg, has an optimal dose range of 10 to 15 mg, and produces particularly intense effects at a dose of 20 mg. 2 The drug's effects at doses of 15 to 20 mg intravenously were described as equivalent to or greater than those of 30 mg psilocybin /wiki/Psilocybin orally /wiki/Oral administration or 100 to 200 μg LSD /wiki/LSD orally based on hallucinogen rating scales /wiki/Hallucinogen rating scale . The 20 mg dose of bretisilocin was associated with more 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 challenging experiences /wiki/Challenging experience including anxiety /wiki/Anxiety , cognitive impairment /wiki/Cognitive impairment , and dread of ego dissolution /wiki/Ego dissolution , which led to selection of a lower optimal dose range of 10 to 15 mg intravenously. Compared to other psychedelics like psilocybin and LSD, bretisilocin has a much shorter 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 duration /wiki/Duration of action , but is longer-lasting than dimethyltryptamine /wiki/Dimethyltryptamine DMT . 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 11 cite note-HughesKleinDvorak2023-11 4 cite note-UmbrichtChristianWinters2024-4 Its duration is about 60 to 90 minutes, whereas psilocybin has a duration of multiple hours and DMT has a duration of as short as 10 minutes. 8 cite note-US11440879B2-8 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 6 cite note-Peplow2024-6 The psychedelic effects of bretisilocin are generally resolved by approximately 2 hours after administration, but have been found to last up to 4 to 6 hours in some individuals. 12 cite note-Gunther2023-12 Peak effects occur about 10 to 20 minutes following injection. 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 The drug, administered intravenously in clinical studies, produces effects in humans including " altered states of consciousness /wiki/Altered states of consciousness , altered visual depth perception /wiki/Depth perception , abnormal thinking /wiki/Abnormal thinking , euphoric mood /wiki/Euphoric mood , feeling drunk /wiki/Feeling drunk , feeling of body temperature /wiki/Body temperature changes, relaxation /wiki/Relaxation psychology , sensory processing disorder /wiki/Sensory processing disorder including intense visual effects with color changes , sensory overload /wiki/Sensory overload , and time perception altered /wiki/Time dilation ". 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 3 cite note-HughesChristianDvorak2023-3 4 The subjective effects of bretisilocin were described as very robust and consistent in strength with the effects of other psychedelics including LSD, DMT, and psilocybin as have been reported in clinical studies. 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 3 cite note-HughesChristianDvorak2023-3 In addition to intravenous administration, bretisilocin has been 4 cite note-UmbrichtChristianWinters2024-4 anecdotally reported /wiki/Anecdotal report by recreational users to be active intranasally /wiki/Intranasal administration . 5 cite note-Aipsin-5 Side effects edit /w/index.php?title=Bretisilocin&action=edit§ion=2 Side effects /wiki/Side effect of bretisilocin include acute sensory processing disorder /wiki/Sensory processing disorder , altered state of consciousness /wiki/Altered state of consciousness , abnormal thinking /wiki/Abnormal thinking , euphoric mood /wiki/Euphoric mood , fatigue /wiki/Fatigue , and small increases in heart rate /wiki/Heart rate and blood pressure /wiki/Blood pressure , among others. 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 3 cite note-HughesChristianDvorak2023-3 4 Adverse effects like fatigue and headache /wiki/Headache occur after the psychedelic experience /wiki/Psychedelic experience and can persist for up to 24 hours after administration. 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 Interactions edit /w/index.php?title=Bretisilocin&action=edit§ion=3 Pharmacology edit /w/index.php?title=Bretisilocin&action=edit§ion=4 Pharmacodynamics edit /w/index.php?title=Bretisilocin&action=edit§ion=5 Bretisilocin acts as a potent /wiki/Potency pharmacology and well-balanced serotonin /wiki/Serotonin 5-HT 2A /wiki/5-HT2A receptor and 5-HT /wiki/5-HT2C receptor 2Creceptor agonist /wiki/Agonist , serotonin 5-HT /wiki/5-HT2B receptor 2Breceptor antagonist /wiki/Receptor antagonist , and serotonin releasing agent /wiki/Serotonin releasing agent . 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 9 cite note-HughesKleinAustin2022-9 In another study however, it was a moderate- 10 cite note-WO2022256554-10 efficacy /wiki/Maximal efficacy partial agonist /wiki/Partial agonist of the serotonin 5-HT 2Breceptor. The drug appears to have negligible activity as a serotonin 10 cite note-WO2022256554-10 5-HT /wiki/5-HT1A receptor agonist. 1AreceptorHowever, another study found that it was a serotonin 5-HT 9 cite note-HughesKleinAustin2022-9 1Areceptor full agonist /wiki/Full agonist , with an EC /wiki/Half-maximal effective concentration at this receptor that was about 44-fold less 50 potent /wiki/Potency pharmacology than at the serotonin 5-HT 2Areceptor. 10 cite note-WO2022256554-10 The affinity /wiki/Affinity pharmacology Ki of bretisilocin for the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor was 4.9 nM with DOI /wiki/DOI drug as the radioligand /wiki/Radioligand and 140–191 nM with ketanserin /wiki/Ketanserin as the radioligand. 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 9 Its EC /wiki/Half-maximal effective concentration 50 E /wiki/Maximal efficacy values were 15.0–20.6 nM 80.6–87.6% at the serotonin 5-HT max2Areceptor and 9.5 nM 85.1% at the serotonin 5-HT 2Creceptor, whereas its IC /wiki/Half-maximal inhibitory concentration at the serotonin 5-HT 502Breceptor was 5.8 nM. 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 It showed much higher 9 cite note-HughesKleinAustin2022-9 efficacy /wiki/Maximal efficacy at the serotonin 5-HT 2Areceptor than its parent compound /wiki/Parent compound MET /wiki/Methylethyltryptamine E max= 87.6% vs. 36.2%, respectively . Bretisilocin showed very weak activity at the serotonin 5-HT 8 cite note-US11440879B2-8 1Areceptor EC 50= 16,918 nM, E max= 83.0% . 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 9 cite note-HughesKleinAustin2022-9 In addition to its actions at the serotonin 8 cite note-US11440879B2-8 5-HT /wiki/5-HT2 receptor , it is a 2receptors partial /wiki/Partial monoamine releasing agent serotonin releasing agent in rat brain synaptosomes /wiki/Synaptosome , with an EC 50of 8.4–15.7 nM and an E maxof 66.8–71.4%. 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 9 cite note-HughesKleinAustin2022-9 Bretisilocin is also a 8 cite note-US11440879B2-8 serotonin reuptake inhibitor /wiki/Serotonin reuptake inhibitor to a much weaker extent IC 50= 418.9 nM . Additional values have also been published. 8 cite note-US11440879B2-8 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 10 cite note-WO2022256554-10 Bretisilocin is related to DMT /wiki/Dimethyltryptamine and is considered by its developer to be an "improved version of DMT". 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 12 It also induces more serotonin release than DMT, which may provide it with more entactogen /wiki/Entactogen -like qualities compared to DMT. 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 Bretisilocin produces the 12 cite note-Gunther2023-12 head-twitch response /wiki/Head-twitch response , a behavioral proxy of psychedelic effects, in rodents. 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 9 cite note-HughesKleinAustin2022-9 3 cite note-HughesChristianDvorak2023-3 It shows 8 cite note-US11440879B2-8 antidepressant /wiki/Antidepressant -like effects in rodents. 9 cite note-HughesKleinAustin2022-9 The drug 11 cite note-HughesKleinDvorak2023-11 dose-dependently /wiki/Dose dependence produces hypolocomotion /wiki/Hypolocomotion in rodents similarly to many other serotonergic psychedelics. 8 cite note-US11440879B2-8 Likewise, it produces 15 cite note-HalberstadtGeyer2018-15 anti-obsessional /wiki/Anti-obsessional effects in the form of reduced marble burying /wiki/Marble burying in rodents. Bretisilocin does not produce 8 cite note-US11440879B2-8 conditioned place preference /wiki/Conditioned place preference CPP in rodents, suggesting lack of reinforcing /wiki/Positive reinforcement properties. 8 cite note-US11440879B2-8 Pharmacokinetics edit /w/index.php?title=Bretisilocin&action=edit§ion=6 The pharmacokinetics /wiki/Pharmacokinetics of bretisilocin have been studied. 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 3 The time to peak /wiki/Tmax pharmacology concentrations with intravenous injection /wiki/Intravenous injection is 10 to 20 minutes. Its 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 elimination half-life /wiki/Elimination half-life is approximately 45 minutes range 40 to 50 minutes . 2 cite note-MarekMakai-BölöniUmbricht2025-2 3 cite note-HughesChristianDvorak2023-3 Chemistry edit /w/index.php?title=Bretisilocin&action=edit§ion=7 Bretisilocin, also known as 5-fluoro- N -methyl -N -ethyltryptamine, is a substituted tryptamine /wiki/Substituted tryptamine derivative /wiki/Chemical derivative . 8 It is a derivative of dimethyltryptamine /wiki/Dimethyltryptamine DMT and methylethyltryptamine /wiki/Methylethyltryptamine MET as well as of 5-fluorotryptamine /wiki/5-fluorotryptamine 5-FT . 6 cite note-Peplow2024-6 8 cite note-US11440879B2-8 Synthesis edit /w/index.php?title=Bretisilocin&action=edit§ion=8 The chemical synthesis /wiki/Chemical synthesis of bretisilocin has been described. 10 cite note-WO2022256554-10 Analogues edit /w/index.php?title=Bretisilocin&action=edit§ion=9 Some analogues /wiki/Structural analog of bretisilocin include 5-fluoro-DMT /wiki/5-fluoro-DMT , 5-fluoro-DET /wiki/5-fluoro-DET , 5-fluoro-EPT /wiki/5-fluoro-EPT , 5-chloro-DMT /wiki/5-chloro-DMT , 5-bromo-DMT /wiki/5-bromo-DMT , 5-fluoro-AMT /wiki/5-fluoro-AMT , 5-fluoro-AET /wiki/5-fluoro-AET , 5-MeO-MET /wiki/5-MeO-MET , and 7-F-5-MeO-MET /wiki/7-F-5-MeO-MET , among others. History edit /w/index.php?title=Bretisilocin&action=edit§ion=10 Bretisilocin was first described in the literature in 2021. 9 cite note-HughesKleinAustin2022-9 10 It was patented /wiki/Patent by Andrew Kruegel at Gilgamesh Pharmaceuticals /wiki/Gilgamesh Pharmaceuticals . The drug was encountered as a novel 10 cite note-WO2022256554-10 recreational /wiki/Recreational drug designer drug /wiki/Designer drug in March 2026. 5 cite note-Aipsin-5 Society and culture edit /w/index.php?title=Bretisilocin&action=edit§ion=11 Names edit /w/index.php?title=Bretisilocin&action=edit§ion=12 Bretisilocin is the generic name /wiki/Generic term of the drug and its INN /wiki/International Nonproprietary Name . 16 It is also known by its developmental code name GM-2505 . 1 cite note-AdisInsight-1 9 cite note-HughesKleinAustin2022-9 3 cite note-HughesChristianDvorak2023-3 Legal status edit /w/index.php?title=Bretisilocin&action=edit§ion=13 Canada edit /w/index.php?title=Bretisilocin&action=edit§ion=14 Bretisilocin is not a controlled substance /wiki/Controlled substance in Canada /wiki/Canada as of 2025. 17 cite note-CDSA-17 United States edit /w/index.php?title=Bretisilocin&action=edit§ion=15 Bretislocin is not an explicitly controlled substance /wiki/Controlled substance in the United States /wiki/United States . 18 However, it could be considered a controlled substance /wiki/Controlled substance under the Federal Analogue Act /wiki/Federal Analogue Act if intended for human consumption. Research edit /w/index.php?title=Bretisilocin&action=edit§ion=16 Bretisilocin is under development as a potential pharmaceutical drug /wiki/Pharmaceutical drug by Gilgamesh Pharmaceuticals /wiki/Gilgamesh Pharmaceuticals . 1 As of June 2025, it is in phase 2 /wiki/Phases of clinical research Phase II clinical trials /wiki/Clinical trial for the treatment of major depressive disorder /wiki/Major depressive disorder . A 1 cite note-AdisInsight-1 phase 2a /wiki/Phases of clinical research Phase II trial of bretisilocin for major depressive disorder has been completed and the efficacy /wiki/Efficacy and safety /wiki/Drug safety data for the trial have been released. 1 cite note-AdisInsight-1 19 cite note-PsychedelicAlpha2025-19 20 cite note-Taylor2025-20 The drug has since been acquired from Gilgamesh Pharmaceuticals by 21 cite note-Dunne2025-21 AbbVie /wiki/AbbVie in a deal worth up to $1.2 billion. 13 cite note-Taylor2025b-13 In 2026 bretisilocin entered 14 cite note-PsychedelicAlpha2025b-14 European Medicines Agency /wiki/European Medicines Agency ’s priority medicines PRIME scheme for major depressive disorder. 22 cite note-22 23 cite note-23 See also edit /w/index.php?title=Bretisilocin&action=edit§ion=17 Substituted tryptamine /wiki/Substituted tryptamine List of investigational hallucinogens and entactogens /wiki/List of investigational hallucinogens and entactogens List of investigational antidepressants /wiki/List of investigational antidepressants Luvesilocin /wiki/Luvesilocin RE104; FT-104; 4-GO-DiPT References edit /w/index.php?title=Bretisilocin&action=edit§ion=18 - ^ a b c d e f g h i "GM 2505" https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800067965 . AdisInsight . 5 June 2025. Retrieved 29 July 2025. - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Marek GJ, Makai-Bölöni S, Umbricht D, Christian EP, Winters J, Dvorak D, et al. 2025 . "A novel psychedelic 5-HT af 2Areceptor agonist GM-2505: The pharmacokinetic, safety, and pharmacodynamic profile from a randomized trial healthy volunteer". Journal of Psychopharmacology 02698811251378512. doi /wiki/Doi identifier : 10.1177/02698811251378512 https://doi.org/10.1177%2F02698811251378512 . hdl /wiki/Hdl identifier : 1887/4298848 https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F4298848 . PMID /wiki/PMID identifier 41099491 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41099491 . - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hughes Z, Christian E, Dvorak D, Umbricht D, Winters J, Raines S, et al. December 2023 . l "ACNP 62nd Annual Meeting: Poster Abstracts P1 - P250: P238. Subjective and Pharmacodynamic Effects of the Novel 5-HT2A Receptor Agonist GM-2505 in Healthy Volunteers Show High Translatability From Rodent Data and Hold Promise for Future Development in Patients With Depression" https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10729595 . Neuropsychopharmacology . 48 Suppl 1 . Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 63–210 202–203 . doi /wiki/Doi identifier : 10.1038/s41386-023-01755-5 https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41386-023-01755-5 . PMC /wiki/PMC identifier 10729595 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10729595 . PMID /wiki/PMID identifier 38040809 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38040809 . - ^ a b c d e f Umbricht D, Christian E, Winters J, Raines S, Hughes ZA, Leong W, et al. 2024 . g "Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and subjective and effects of the novel 5-HT2A receptor agonist GM-2505 in healthy volunteers" https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nsa.2024.104845 . Neuroscience Applied . 3 104845. doi /wiki/Doi identifier : 10.1016/j.nsa.2024.104845 https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nsa.2024.104845 . - ^ a b c d "Бретисилоцин 5F-MET " https://aipsin.com/newsubstance/1924/ . АИПСИН in Russian . Retrieved 18 March 2026. - ^ a b c Peplow M 22 June 2024 . d "Should Next-Generation Psychedelics Skip the Trip?" https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/should-next-generation-psychedelics-skip-the-trip/ . Scientific American . Retrieved 20 February 2025.Gilgamesh is also working on GM-2505, a 5-HT2A agonist that is structurally related to psilocybin and DMT. GM-2505 completed a phase 1 trial late last year and should enter phase 2 for major depressive disorder this year. Its psychedelic effect lasts 60 to 90 minutes — long enough for patients to "explore the altered state of consciousness that might be needed for long-term durable efficacy," Krugel says, yet within a timeframe that is manageable for healthcare systems. "Personally, I believe that the hallucinogenic effects are an important component, as multiple hallucinogenic compounds have demonstrated durable, transformational changes from a single dose in human studies," he adds. {{ : CS1 maint: deprecated archival service cite web /wiki/Template:Cite web }} link /wiki/Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service Witkin JM, Golani LK, Smith JL April 2023 . ^ cite ref-WitkinGolaniSmith2023 7-0 "Clinical pharmacological innovation in the treatment of depression" https://figshare.com/articles/journal contribution/22567705 . Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology . 16 4 : 349–362. doi /wiki/Doi identifier : 10.1080/17512433.2023.2198703 https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17512433.2023.2198703 . PMID /wiki/PMID identifier 37000975 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37000975 .GM-2505 is a dual-acting compound with both agonist activity at 5-HT 2A receptors and a releaser of 5-HT. ... - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Methods of treating mood disorders" https://patents.google.com/patent/US11440879B2 . Google Patents . 2022. Retrieved 14 November 2024. - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Hughes Z, Klein A, Austin E, Dvorak D, Gatti S, Kiss L, et al. December 2022 . m "ACNP 61st Annual Meeting: Poster Abstracts P1 - P270: P254. Gm-2505 is a Novel 5-Ht2a Receptor Agonist and 5-Ht Releaser That Induces Rapid, Robust, and Durable Antidepressant Effects at Doses Associated With Decreased Power in Low Frequency EEG Bands in Rats" https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9714397 . Neuropsychopharmacology . 47 Suppl 1 : 63–219 209–209 . doi /wiki/Doi identifier : 10.1038/s41386-022-01484-1 https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41386-022-01484-1 . PMC /wiki/PMC identifier 9714397 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9714397 . PMID /wiki/PMID identifier 36456693 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36456693 . - ^ a b c d e f g h i WO application 2021168082 https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2021168082& cid=P12-MOBKAX-21125-1 , Kruegel, Andrew, "Specific tryptamines for use in the treatment of mood disorders", published 2021-08-26, assigned to Gilgamesh PharmaceuticalsExample 2 - ^ a b Hughes Z, Klein A, Dvorak D, Austin E, Kiss L, Marek G, et al. 2023 . "22. GM-2505 has Rapid Onset Antidepressant Activity and Causes Dose-Dependent Changes in qEEG With Increasing 5-HT2A Receptor Occupancy". c Biological Psychiatry . 93 9 : S102–S103. doi /wiki/Doi identifier : 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.02.262 https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biopsych.2023.02.262 . - ^ a b c d Gunther M 31 January 2023 . e "Gilgamesh Tweaks Known Psychedelics To Improve Therapies" https://www.lucid.news/gilgamesh-tweaks-psychedelics/ . Lucid News - Psychedelics, Consciousness Technology, and the Future of Wellness . Retrieved 20 February 2025. - ^ a Taylor NP 25 August 2025 . b "AbbVie tunes in to Gilgamesh's story, inking $1.2B deal for psychedelic program" https://www.fiercebiotech.com/biotech/abbvie-tunes-gilgameshs-story-inking-12b-deal-psychedelic-program . Fierce Biotech . Retrieved 15 October 2025. - ^ a Psychedelic Alpha 25 August 2025 . b "AbbVie to Acquire Gilgamesh's Bretisilocin for Up to $1.2B" https://psychedelicalpha.com/news/abbvie-to-acquire-gilgameshs-bretisilocin-for-up-to-1-2b . Psychedelic Alpha . Retrieved 15 October 2025. Halberstadt AL, Geyer MA 2018 . "Effect of Hallucinogens on Unconditioned Behavior". ^ cite ref-HalberstadtGeyer2018 15-0 Behavioral Neurobiology of Psychedelic Drugs . Curr Top Behav Neurosci. Vol. 36. pp. 159–199. doi /wiki/Doi identifier : 10.1007/7854 2016 466 https://doi.org/10.1007%2F7854 2016 466 . ISBN /wiki/ISBN identifier 978-3-662-55878-2 /wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-55878-2 . PMC /wiki/PMC identifier 5787039 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5787039 . PMID /wiki/PMID identifier 28224459 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28224459 . ^ cite ref-WHO2024 16-0 https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/380497/9789240107038-eng.pdf https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/380497/9789240107038-eng.pdf "bretisilocinum bretisilocin N-ethyl-2- 5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl -N-methylethan-1-amine serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist" ^ cite ref-CDSA 17-0 "Controlled Drugs and Substances Act" https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-38.8/FullText.html . Department of Justice Canada . Retrieved 19 January 2026. ^ cite ref-OrangeBook2026 18-0 PDF , Orange Book: List of Controlled Substances and Regulated Chemicals January 2026 United States /wiki/United States : U.S. Department of Justice /wiki/Department of Justice : Drug Enforcement Administration /wiki/Drug Enforcement Administration DEA : Diversion Control Division, January 2026Psychedelic Alpha 27 May 2025 . ^ cite ref-PsychedelicAlpha2025 19-0 "Gilgamesh's Next-Gen Psychedelic GM-2505 Prints Impressive Results in Phase 2a Major Depressive Disorder Study" https://psychedelicalpha.com/news/gilgameshs-next-gen-psychedelic-gm-2505-prints-impressive-results-in-phase-2a-major-depressive-disorder-study . Psychedelic Alpha . Retrieved 29 July 2025.Taylor NP 27 May 2025 . ^ cite ref-Taylor2025 20-0 "Gilgamesh links psychedelic to 94% remission rate in midphase depression trial" https://www.fiercebiotech.com/biotech/gilgamesh-links-psychedelic-90-remission-rate-midphase-depression-trial . Fierce Biotech . Retrieved 29 July 2025.Dunne R 31 May 2025 . ^ cite ref-Dunne2025 21-0 "Gilgamesh's psychedelic drug demonstrates exceptional efficacy for treating depression" https://mugglehead.com/gilgameshs-psychedelic-drug-demonstrates-remarkable-efficacy-for-treating-depression/ . Mugglehead Investment Magazine . Retrieved 29 July 2025.Psychedelic Access and Research European Alliance 2026-03-19 . ^ cite ref-22 "Bretisilocin Becomes First Psychedelic in EMA PRIME Scheme for Depression" https://www.drugpolicywatch.com/news/2026-03-19-bretisilocin-becomes-first-psychedelic-in-ema-prime-scheme-for-depression . Drug Policy Tracker . Retrieved 2026-03-29.European Medicines Agency EMA 2026-03-18 . ^ cite ref-23 "New PRIME tools to accelerate development of medicines in the EU" https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/new-prime-tools-accelerate-development-medicines-eu . www.ema.europa.eu . Retrieved 2026-03-19. External links edit /w/index.php?title=Bretisilocin&action=edit§ion=19