A Google DeepMind paper has multiple hallucinated references

A Google DeepMind paper contains multiple hallucinated references, according to a validation report that found fabricated titles and author lists paired with real arXiv and NBER identifiers. The report flags five citations, including one that pairs NBER Working Paper 34255 with a fabricated title and co-author list, and another that misattributes arXiv:2206.01677 to incorrect authors. The findings underscore the need for manual review of AI-generated citations, with validation testing showing an approximately 1% false-positive rate.

You should manually review hallucinations; validation testing shows an approximately 1% false-positive rate. Not Found is intended for human review: the LLM was unable to determine whether the citation is correct. | Status | Citation Found | Matched Data / Notes | Actions | |---|---|---|---| | Hallucination Edited | How are people using generative ai?A. Chatterji; E. Brynjolfsson; A. Korinek; K. McElheran; R. Seamans; N. Zolas 2025 National Bureau of Economic Research | Raw: A. Chatterji, E. Brynjolfsson, A. Korinek, K. McElheran, R. Seamans, and N. Zolas. How are people using generative ai? Technical Report 34255, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2025. URL https://www.nber.org/papers/w34255 Match: How People Use ChatGPT Venue: National Bureau of Economic Research DOI: 10.3386/w34255 ISBN: URL: The citation is an LLM chimera / hallucination. It pairs the real working paper number NBER Working Paper 34255 / w34255 and first author Aaron Chatterji with a fabricated/altered title 'How are people using generative ai?' vs real 'How People Use ChatGPT' and an entirely fabricated co-author list Brynjolfsson, Korinek, McElheran, Seamans, Zolas instead of Cunningham, Deming, Hitzig, Ong, Shan, Wadman . | | | Hallucination Edited | Argrewrite 2.0: A corpus and model for argumentative text revisionL. Chen; F. Zhang; D. Litman 2022 arXiv | Raw: L. Chen, F. Zhang, and D. Litman. Argrewrite 2.0: A corpus and model for argumentative text revision. arXiv preprint arXiv:2206.01677, 2022. Match: ArgRewrite V.2: an Annotated Argumentative Revisions Corpus Venue: arXiv DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2206.01677 ISBN: URL: The citation is an LLM chimera/hallucination: it takes the arXiv identifier arXiv:2206.01677 which belongs to 'ArgRewrite V.2: an Annotated Argumentative Revisions Corpus' by Kashefi et al. and conflates it with other frequent ArgRewrite co-authors Fan Zhang, Diane Litman, Liang Chen and an altered title 'Argrewrite 2.0: A corpus and model for argumentative text revision' . | | | Hallucination Edited | The lock-in hypothesis: Stagnation by algorithmB. Hutchinson; S. Saria; O. Etzioni 2025 arXiv | Raw: B. Hutchinson, S. Saria, and O. Etzioni. The lock-in hypothesis: Stagnation by algorithm. arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.06166, 2025. Match: The Lock-in Hypothesis: Stagnation by Algorithm Venue: arXiv DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2506.06166 ISBN: URL: CrossRef arxiv static matches title/DOI score: 1.00 , but cited author identities disagree with the official list. Unmatched cited author s : B. Hutchinson, S. Saria, O. Etzioni. Official authors: Tianyi Alex Qiu, Zhonghao He, Tejasveer Chugh, Max Kleiman-Weiner. | | | Hallucination Edited | Your brain on chatgpt: Accumulation of cognitive debt when using an ai assistant for essay writing tasksS. Kim; C. Li; D. Alvarez-Melis 2025 arXiv | Raw: S. Kim, C. Li, and D. Alvarez-Melis. Your brain on chatgpt: Accumulation of cognitive debt when using an ai assistant for essay writing tasks. arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.08872, 2025. Match: Your Brain on ChatGPT: Accumulation of Cognitive Debt when Using an AI Assistant for Essay Writing Task Venue: arXiv DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2506.08872 ISBN: URL: CrossRef arxiv static matches title/DOI score: 1.00 , but cited author identities disagree with the official list. Unmatched cited author s : S. Kim, C. Li, D. Alvarez-Melis. Official authors: Nataliya Kosmyna, Eugene Hauptmann, Ye Tong Yuan, Jessica Situ, Xian-Hao Liao, Ashly Vivian Beresnitzky, Iris Braunstein, Pattie Maes. | | | Hallucination Edited | Generative ai enhances individual creativity but reduces the collective diversity of novel contentW. Wang; S. Ma; S. Yang; J. S. Lee; P. Jain; A. Anderson 2025 Science Advances | Raw: W. Wang, S. Ma, S. Yang, J. S. Lee, P. Jain, A. Anderson, et al. Generative ai enhances individual creativity but reduces the collective diversity of novel content. Science Advances, 11 32 :eadn5290, 2025. Match: Generative AI enhances individual creativity but reduces the collective diversity of novel content Venue: Science Advances DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn5290 ISBN: URL: The paper exists in Science Advances Vol 10, Issue 28, 2024, article eadn5290, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn5290 , but the cited authors W. Wang et al. are completely fabricated. Under the anti-hallucination rules, pairing a real title/venue with fabricated co-authors is a hallucination / chimera. | | | Hallucination Edited | The basic b effect: The use of llm-based agents reduces the distinctiveness and diversity of people’s choicesR. Zhou; K. Fiedler 2025 arXiv | Raw: R. Zhou and K. Fiedler. The basic b effect: The use of llm-based agents reduces the distinctiveness and diversity of people’s choices. arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.02910, 2025. Match: The Basic B Effect: The Use of LLM-based Agents Reduces the Distinctiveness and Diversity of People's Choices Venue: arXiv DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2509.02910 ISBN: URL: CrossRef arxiv static matches title/DOI score: 1.00 , but cited author identities disagree with the official list. Unmatched cited author s : R. Zhou, K. Fiedler. Official authors: Sandra C. Matz, Kimberly Klugescheid, C. Blaine Horton, Sofie Goethals. | | | Minor Error Edited | Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Learning RepresentationsNone 2026 | Raw: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Learning Representations, 2026. URL https://openreview.net/group?id=ICLR.cc/2024/Conference The 14th International Conference on Learning Representations ICLR took place in April 2026. However, the citation provides a URL pointing to the 2024 conference ICLR.cc/2024/Conference, which was the 12th edition rather than the 2026 conference proceedings URL, representing a minor URL discrepancy. | | | Minor Error Edited | Labour mps accused of using AI to write parliamentary speechesR. James 2025 The Independent | Raw: R. James. Labour mps accused of using AI to write parliamentary speeches. The Independent, Sep 2025. URL https://www.the-independent.com/news/uk/home-news/labour-mp-ai-chat-gpt-speeches-tugendhat-b2823339.html Match: Labour MPs accused of using ChatGPT to write speeches Venue: The Independent DOI: ISBN: URL: The citation references a September 2025 article in The Independent by Rhiannon James at the provided URL. The headline in the citation 'Labour mps accused of using AI to write parliamentary speeches' has minor title wording differences compared to the published headline 'Labour MPs accused of using ChatGPT to write speeches' , representing a minor title discrepancy on the exact same news article. | | | Minor Error Edited | Prompt engineering in large language modelsG. Marvin; N. Hellen; D. Jjingo; J. Nakatumba-Nabende 2023 Springer ISBN: 978-9-819-97962-2 | Raw: G. Marvin, N. Hellen, D. Jjingo, and J. Nakatumba-Nabende. Prompt engineering in large language models. In International conference on data intelligence and cognitive informatics, pages 387-402. Springer, 2023. Match: Prompt Engineering in Large Language Models Venue: International Conference on Data Intelligence and Cognitive Informatics ICDICI 2023 / Data Intelligence and Cognitive Informatics, Springer DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-7962-2 30 ISBN: 978-9-819-97962-2 URL: The paper exists in the proceedings of the International Conference on Data Intelligence and Cognitive Informatics ICDICI 2023 , published in the Springer volume 'Data Intelligence and Cognitive Informatics' part of the Algorithms for Intelligent Systems book series , pp. 387-402, DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-7962-2 30. The publication year of the book volume is 2024 conference was 2023 and the first two authors have their given/surnames inverted in the citation. | | | Verified Edited | Ai suggestions homogenize writing toward western styles and diminish cultural nuancesD. Agarwal; M. Naaman; A. Vashistha 2025 ACM DOI: 10.1145/3706598.3713564 | Raw: D. Agarwal, M. Naaman, and A. Vashistha. Ai suggestions homogenize writing toward western styles and diminish cultural nuances. In Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’25, page 1-21. ACM, Apr. 2025. doi: 10.1145/3706598.3713564. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3713564 Match: AI Suggestions Homogenize Writing Toward Western Styles and Diminish Cultural Nuances Venue: Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems DOI: 10.1145/3706598.3713564 ISBN: URL: Verified via static CrossRef DOI lookup score: 1.00 | | | Verified Edited | OpenAI CEO Reports ChatGPT Weekly User Figures at TEDS. Altman 2025 | Raw: S. Altman. OpenAI CEO Reports ChatGPT Weekly User Figures at TED. TED Talk / public statement, 2025. Altman stated roughly 10% of the global population uses ChatGPT, equating to 800M-1B weekly users. The citation references Sam Altman's public interview/talk at TED 2025 where he stated that ChatGPT's user base had surged to approximately 800 million weekly active users roughly 10% of the world population . | | | Verified Edited | Homogenization effects of large language models on human creative ideationB. R. Anderson; J. H. Shah; M. Kreminski 2024 ACM DOI: 10.1145/3635636.3656204 | Raw: B. R. Anderson, J. H. Shah, and M. Kreminski. Homogenization effects of large language models on human creative ideation. In Creativity and Cognition, CC ’24, page 413-425. ACM, June 2024. doi: 10.1145/3635636.3656204. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3635636.3656204 Match: Homogenization Effects of Large Language Models on Human Creative Ideation Venue: Creativity and Cognition DOI: 10.1145/3635636.3656204 ISBN: URL: Verified via static CrossRef DOI lookup score: 1.00 | | | Verified Edited | The influence of large language models on conversational marketing and communication strategiesP. Borole 2024 Voice of the Publisher | Raw: P. Borole. The influence of large language models on conversational marketing and communication strategies. Voice of the Publisher, 10 2 :91-99, 2024. Match: The Influence of Large Language Models on Conversational Marketing and Communication Strategies Venue: Voice of the Publisher DOI: 10.4236/vp.2024.102008 ISBN: URL: Verified via static CrossRef title search score: 1.00 | | | Verified Edited | The development and psychometric properties of liwc-22R. L. Boyd; A. Ashokkumar; S. Seraj; J. W. Pennebaker 2022 University of Texas at Austin | Raw: R. L. Boyd, A. Ashokkumar, S. Seraj, and J. W. Pennebaker. The development and psychometric properties of liwc-22. Technical report, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 2022. URL https://www.liwc.app Match: The development and psychometric properties of LIWC-22 Venue: University of Texas at Austin DOI: ISBN: URL: The cited work is the official technical report/manual for LIWC-22 published by the University of Texas at Austin in 2022 and available via https://www.liwc.app. | | | Verified Edited | Ai alignment with changing and influenceable reward functionsM. Carroll; D. Foote; A. Siththaranjan; S. Russell; A. Dragan 2024 arXiv | Raw: M. Carroll, D. Foote, A. Siththaranjan, S. Russell, and A. Dragan. Ai alignment with changing and influenceable reward functions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.17713, 2024. Match: AI Alignment with Changing and Influenceable Reward Functions Venue: arXiv DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2405.17713 ISBN: URL: Verified via arXiv id 2405.17713. | | | Verified Edited | Preference dynamics under personalized recommendationsS. Dean; J. Morgenstern 2022 | Raw: S. Dean and J. Morgenstern. Preference dynamics under personalized recommendations. In Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Conference on Economics and Computation, pages 795-816, 2022. Match: Preference Dynamics Under Personalized Recommendations Venue: Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Conference on Economics and Computation DOI: 10.1145/3490486.3538346 ISBN: URL: Verified via static CrossRef title search score: 1.00 | | | Verified Edited | Eigenwords: spectral word embeddingsP. S. Dhillon; D. P. Foster; L. H. Ungar 2015 J. Mach. Learn. Res. | Raw: P. S. Dhillon, D. P. Foster, and L. H. Ungar. Eigenwords: spectral word embeddings. J. Mach. Learn. Res., 16:3035-3078, 2015. Match: Eigenwords: Spectral Word Embeddings Venue: Journal of Machine Learning Research DOI: ISBN: URL: The article was published in the Journal of Machine Learning Research JMLR , Volume 16, Issue 95, pages 3035-3078 in 2015. | | | Verified Edited | Generative artificial intelligence enhances creativity but reduces the diversity of novel contentA. R. Doshi; O. P. Hauser 2023 arXiv | Raw: A. R. Doshi and O. P. Hauser. Generative artificial intelligence enhances creativity but reduces the diversity of novel content. arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.00506, 2023. Match: Generative artificial intelligence enhances creativity but reduces the diversity of novel content Venue: DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4535536 ISBN: URL: Verified via static CrossRef title search score: 1.00 | | | Verified Edited | Generative ai enhances individual creativity but reduces the collective diversity of novel contentA. R. Doshi; O. P. Hauser 2024 Science Advances DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn5290 | Raw: A. R. Doshi and O. P. Hauser. Generative ai enhances individual creativity but reduces the collective diversity of novel content. Science Advances, 10 28 :eadn5290, 2024. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adn5290 Match: Generative AI enhances individual creativity but reduces the collective diversity of novel content Venue: Science Advances DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn5290 ISBN: URL: Verified via static CrossRef DOI lookup score: 1.00 | | | Verified Edited | The Copyeditor’s Handbook: A Guide for Book Publishing and Corporate CommunicationsA. Einsohn; M. Schwartz 2019 University of California Press | Raw: A. Einsohn and M. Schwartz. The Copyeditor’s Handbook: A Guide for Book Publishing and Corporate Communications. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 4th edition, 2019. See pp. 405-406, “Expository Style,” on the importance of minimal editing. Match: The Copyeditor's Handbook: A Guide for Book Publishing and Corporate Communications Venue: DOI: 10.1525/9780520972278 ISBN: URL: Verified via static CrossRef title search score: 1.00 | | | Verified Edited | Pangram predicts 21% of iclr reviews are ai-generatedB. Emi 2025 Pangram Labs Blog | Raw: B. Emi. Pangram predicts 21% of iclr reviews are ai-generated. Pangram Labs Blog, Nov 2025. URL https://www.pangram.com/blog/pangram-predicts-21-of-iclr-reviews-are-ai-generated Match: Pangram Predicts 21% of ICLR Reviews are AI-Generated Venue: Pangram Labs Blog DOI: ISBN: URL: Direct verification from the Pangram Labs website confirmed that Bradley Emi published 'Pangram Predicts 21% of ICLR Reviews are AI-Generated' on November 18, 2025 at the exact cited URL. | | | Verified Edited | Technical report on the pangram ai-generated text classifierB. Emi; M. Spero 2024 arXiv | Raw: B. Emi and M. Spero. Technical report on the pangram ai-generated text classifier, 2024. URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.14873 Match: Technical Report on the Pangram AI-Generated Text Classifier Venue: arXiv DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2402.14873 ISBN: URL: Verified via arXiv id 2402.14873. | | | Verified Edited | A survey on llm-as-a-judgeJ. Gu; X. Jiang; Z. Shi; H. Tan; X. Zhai; C. Xu; W. Li; Y. Shen; S. Ma; H. Liu; et al. 2024 The Innovation | Raw: J. Gu, X. Jiang, Z. Shi, H. Tan, X. Zhai, C. Xu, W. Li, Y. Shen, S. Ma, H. Liu, et al. A survey on llm-as-a-judge. The Innovation, 2024. Match: A Survey on LLM-as-a-Judge Venue: arXiv / The Innovation DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2411.15594 ISBN: URL: The paper 'A Survey on LLM-as-a-Judge' by Jiawei Gu et al. was published in November 2024 arXiv:2411.15594 and published in The Innovation series. | | | Verified Edited | Benchmarking linguistic diversity of large language modelsY. Guo; G. Shang; C. Clavel 2025 Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics | Raw: Y. Guo, G. Shang, and C. Clavel. Benchmarking linguistic diversity of large language models. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 13:1507-1526, 2025. Match: Benchmarking Linguistic Diversity of Large Language Models Venue: Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics DOI: 10.1162/tacl.a.47 ISBN: URL: Verified via static CrossRef title search score: 1.00 | | | Verified Edited | Ai expands scientists’ impact but contracts science’s focusQ. Hao; F. Xu; Y. Li; J. Evans 2024 arXiv | Raw: Q. Hao, F. Xu, Y. Li, and J. Evans. Ai expands scientists’ impact but contracts science’s focus. arXiv e-prints, pages arXiv-2412, 2024. Match: AI Expands Scientists' Impact but Contracts Science's Focus Venue: arXiv DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2412.07727 ISBN: URL: The preprint exists on arXiv with identifier arXiv:2412.07727 submitted December 2024 by Qianyue Hao, Fengli Xu, Yong Li, and James Evans. | | | Verified Edited | The secret of our success: How culture is driving human evolution, domesticating our species, and making us smarterJ. Henrich 2015 princeton University press | Raw: J. Henrich. The secret of our success: How culture is driving human evolution, domesticating our species, and making us smarter. In The secret of our success. princeton University press, 2015. Match: The Secret of Our Success: How Culture Is Driving Human Evolution, Domesticating Our Species, and Making Us Smarter Venue: DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvc77f0d ISBN: URL: Verified via static CrossRef title search score: 1.00 | | | Verified Edited | Artificial intelligence in communication impacts language and social relationshipsJ. Hohenstein; D. DiFranzo; R. F. Kizilcec; Z. Aghajari; H. Mieczkowski; K. Levy; M. Naaman; J. Hancock; M. F. Jung 2021 arXiv | Raw: J. Hohenstein, D. DiFranzo, R. F. Kizilcec, Z. Aghajari, H. Mieczkowski, K. Levy, M. Naaman, J. Hancock, and M. F. Jung. Artificial intelligence in communication impacts language and social relationships. arXiv, 2021. URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.05756. Match: Artificial intelligence in communication impacts language and social relationships Venue: arXiv DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2102.05756 ISBN: URL: Verified via arXiv id 2102.05756. | | | Verified Edited | Way off-policy batch deep reinforcement learning of implicit human preferences in dialogN. Jaques; A. Ghandeharioun; J. H. Shen; C. Ferguson; A. Lapedriza; N. Jones; S. Gu; R. Picard 2019 arXiv | Raw: N. Jaques, A. Ghandeharioun, J. H. Shen, C. Ferguson, A. Lapedriza, N. Jones, S. Gu, and R. Picard. Way off-policy batch deep reinforcement learning of implicit human preferences in dialog. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.00456, 2019. Match: Way Off-Policy Batch Deep Reinforcement Learning of Implicit Human Preferences in Dialog Venue: arXiv DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.1907.00456 ISBN: URL: Verified via arXiv id 1907.00456. | | | Verified Edited | Artificial hivemind: The open-ended homogeneity of language models and beyond L. Jiang; Y. Chai; M. Li; M. Liu; R. Fok; N. Dziri; Y. Tsvetkov; M. Sap; A. Albalak; Y. Choi 2025 Neural Information Processing Systems NeurIPS | Raw: L. Jiang, Y. Chai, M. Li, M. Liu, R. Fok, N. Dziri, Y. Tsvetkov, M. Sap, A. Albalak, and Y. Choi. Artificial hivemind: The open-ended homogeneity of language models and beyond . Neural Information Processing Systems NeurIPS , 2025a. The paper exists as a 2025 preprint arXiv:2510.22954 by the exact specified authors and title. While the citation lists NeurIPS 2025, preprints and conference publications for the same work are treated as the same work under preprint/venue leniency rules. | | | Verified Edited | Argrewrite v.2: an annotated argumentative revisions corpusO. Kashefi; T. Afrin; M. Dale; C. Olshefski; A. Godley; D. Litman; R. Hwa 2022 Language Resources and Evaluation DOI: 10.1007/s10579-021-09567-z | Raw: O. Kashefi, T. Afrin, M. Dale, C. Olshefski, A. Godley, D. Litman, and R. Hwa. Argrewrite v.2: an annotated argumentative revisions corpus. Language Resources and Evaluation, 56 3 :881-915, Jan. 2022. ISSN 1574-0218. doi: 10.1007/s10579-021-09567-z Match: ArgRewrite V.2: an annotated argumentative revisions corpus Venue: Language Resources and Evaluation DOI: 10.1007/s10579-021-09567-z ISBN: URL: Verified via static CrossRef DOI lookup score: 1.00 | | | Verified Edited | Digital 2026: More than 1 Billion People Use AIS. Kemp 2025 | Raw: S. Kemp. Digital 2026: More than 1 Billion People Use AI. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2026-one-billion-people-using-ai Match: Digital 2026: more than 1 billion people use AI Venue: DataReportal DOI: ISBN: URL: The web report exists at the exact cited URL https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2026-one-billion-people-using-ai published by Simon Kemp / DataReportal in October 2025 as part of the Digital 2026 series. | | | Verified Edited | Algorithmic extremism: Examining youtube’s rabbit hole of radicalizationM. Ledwich; A. Zaitsev 2019 arXiv | Raw: M. Ledwich and A. Zaitsev. Algorithmic extremism: Examining youtube’s rabbit hole of radicalization. arXiv preprint arXiv:1912.11211, 2019. Match: Algorithmic extremism: Examining YouTube's rabbit hole of radicalization Venue: First Monday DOI: 10.5210/fm.v25i3.10419 ISBN: URL: Verified via static CrossRef title search score: 1.00 | | | Verified Edited | Mapping the increasing use of llms in scientific papersW. Liang; Y. Zhang; Z. Wu; H. Lepp; W. Ji; X. Zhao; H. Cao; S. Liu; S. He; Z. Huang; et al. 2024 arXiv | Raw: W. Liang, Y. Zhang, Z. Wu, H. Lepp, W. Ji, X. Zhao, H. Cao, S. Liu, S. He, Z. Huang, et al. Mapping the increasing use of llms in scientific papers. arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.01268, 2024. Match: Mapping the Increasing Use of LLMs in Scientific Papers Venue: arXiv DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2404.01268 ISBN: URL: Verified via arXiv id 2404.01268. | | | Verified Edited | Quantifying large language model usage in scientific papersW. Liang; Y. Zhang; Z. Wu; H. Lepp; W. Ji; X. Zhao; H. Cao; S. Liu; S. He; Z. Huang; D. Yang; C. Potts; C. D. Manning; J. Y. Zou 2025 Nature Human Behaviour | Raw: W. Liang, Y. Zhang, Z. Wu, H. Lepp, W. Ji, X. Zhao, H. Cao, S. Liu, S. He, Z. Huang, D. Yang, C. Potts, C. D. Manning, and J. Y. Zou. Quantifying large language model usage in scientific papers. Nature Human Behaviour, 9:2599 - 2609, 2025. URL https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:280523748. Match: Quantifying large language model usage in scientific papers Venue: Nature Human Behaviour DOI: 10.1038/s41562-025-02273-8 ISBN: URL: Verified via static CrossRef title search score: 1.00 | | | Verified Edited | A technique for the measurement of attitudesR. Likert 1932 Archives of Psychology | Raw: R. Likert. A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 22 140 :1-55, 1932. Classic foundational monograph introducing the Likert scale: Rensis Likert 1932 , 'A Technique for the Measurement of Attitudes', Archives of Psychology, Vol. 22, No. 140, pp. 1-55. | | | Verified Edited | Chatgpt decreases idea diversity in brainstormingL. Meincke; G. Nave; C. Terwiesch 2025 Nature human behaviour | Raw: L. Meincke, G. Nave, and C. Terwiesch. Chatgpt decreases idea diversity in brainstorming. Nature human behaviour, pages 1-3, 2025. Match: ChatGPT decreases idea diversity in brainstorming Venue: Nature Human Behaviour DOI: 10.1038/s41562-025-02173-x ISBN: URL: Verified via static CrossRef title search score: 1.00 | | | Verified Edited | The jensen-shannon divergenceM. L. Menéndez; J. A. Pardo; L. Pardo; M. del Carmen Pardo 1997 Journal of The Franklin Institute-engineering and Applied Mathematics | Raw: M. L. Menéndez, J. A. Pardo, L. Pardo, and M. del Carmen Pardo. The jensen-shannon divergence. Journal of The Franklin Institute-engineering and Applied Mathematics, 334:307-318, 1997. URL https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120842983. Match: The Jensen-Shannon divergence Venue: Journal of the Franklin Institute DOI: 10.1016/s0016-0032 96 00063-4 ISBN: URL: Verified via static CrossRef title search score: 1.00 | | | Verified Edited | Efficient estimation of word representations in vector spaceT. Mikolov; K. Chen; G. Corrado; J. Dean 2013 arXiv | Raw: T. Mikolov, K. Chen, G. Corrado, and J. Dean. Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. arXiv preprint arXiv:1301.3781, 2013. Match: Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space Venue: arXiv DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.1301.3781 ISBN: URL: Verified via arXiv id 1301.3781. | | | Verified Edited | Crowdsourcing a word-emotion association lexiconS. M. Mohammad; P. D. Turney 2013 Computational Intelligence | Raw: S. M. Mohammad and P. D. Turney. Crowdsourcing a word-emotion association lexicon. Computational Intelligence, 29 3 :436-465, 2013. Match: CROWDSOURCING A WORD–EMOTION ASSOCIATION LEXICON Venue: Computational Intelligence DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8640.2012.00460.x ISBN: URL: Verified via static CrossRef title search score: 1.00 | | | Verified Edited | One fish, two fish, but not the whole sea: Alignment reduces language models’ conceptual diversityS. K. Murthy; T. Ullman; J. Hu 2025 Association for Computational Linguistics DOI: 10.18653/v1/2025.naacl-long.561 | Raw: S. K. Murthy, T. Ullman, and J. Hu. One fish, two fish, but not the whole sea: Alignment reduces language models’ conceptual diversity. In Proceedings of the 2025 Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies Volume 1: Long Papers , page 11241-11258. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2025. doi: 10.18653/v1/2025.naacl-long.561 Match: One fish, two fish, but not the whole sea: Alignment reduces language models’ conceptual diversity Venue: Proceedings of the 2025 Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies Volume 1: Long Papers DOI: 10.18653/v1/2025.naacl-long.561 ISBN: URL: Verified via static CrossRef DOI lookup score: 1.00 | | | Verified Edited | AI and the PhD student: friend or foe?L. Nordling 2026 Nature DOI: 10.1038/ d41586-026-00843-y | Raw: L. Nordling. AI and the PhD student: friend or foe? Nature, 651:842-844, Mar. 2026. doi: 10.1038/ d41586-026-00843-y Match: AI and the PhD student: friend or foe? Venue: Nature DOI: 10.1038/d41586-026-00843-y ISBN: URL: Verified via static CrossRef DOI lookup score: 1.00 | | | Verified Edited | Experimental evidence on the productivity effects of generative artificial intelligenceS. Noy; W. Zhang 2023 Science DOI: 10.1126/science.adh2586 | Raw: S. Noy and W. Zhang. Experimental evidence on the productivity effects of generative artificial intelligence. Science, 381 6654 :187-192, 2023. doi: 10.1126/science.adh2586 Match: Experimental evidence on the productivity effects of generative artificial intelligence Venue: Science DOI: 10.1126/science.adh2586 ISBN: URL: Verified via static CrossRef DOI lookup score: 1.00 | | | Verified Edited | Chatgpt: Optimizing language models for dialogueOpenAI 2022 OpenAI Blog | Raw: OpenAI. Chatgpt: Optimizing language models for dialogue. OpenAI Blog, 2022. URL https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt Verified. This is the landmark November 30, 2022 OpenAI announcement blog post introducing ChatGPT, titled 'ChatGPT: Optimizing Language Models for Dialogue' originally published at https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt, currently mirrored/redirected under openai.com/index/chatgpt/ . | | | Verified Edited | Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackL. Ouyang; J. Wu; X. Jiang; D. Almeida; C. L. Wainwright; P. Mishkin; C. Zhang; S. Agarwal; K. Slama; A. Ray; J. Schulman; J. Hilton; F. Kelton; L. Miller; M. Simens; A. Askell; P. Welinder; P. Christiano; J. Leike; R. Lowe 2022 arXiv | Raw: L. Ouyang, J. Wu, X. Jiang, D. Almeida, C. L. Wainwright, P. Mishkin, C. Zhang, S. Agarwal, K. Slama, A. Ray, J. Schulman, J. Hilton, F. Kelton, L. Miller, M. Simens, A. Askell, P. Welinder, P. Christiano, J. Leike, and R. Lowe. Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback, 2022. URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.02155 Match: Training Language Models to Follow Instructions with Human Feedback Venue: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 35 DOI: 10.52202/068431-2011 ISBN: URL: Verified via static CrossRef title search score: 1.00 | | | Verified Edited | Young people’s use of generative ai to support literacy in 2025I. Picton; C. Clark; F. Bonafede 2025 | Raw: I. Picton, C. Clark, and F. Bonafede. Young people’s use of generative ai to support literacy in 2025, 2025. URL https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED675268.pdf Match: Young People's Use of Generative AI to Support Literacy in 2025 Venue: National Literacy Trust / ERIC DOI: ISBN: URL: The cited report exists in ERIC under accession number ED675268 files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED675268.pdf published by the National Literacy Trust in 2025. | | | Verified Edited | Personalizing reinforcement learning from human feedback with variational preference learningS. Poddar; Y. Wan; H. Ivison; A. Gupta; N. Jaques 2024 Neural Information Processing Systems NeurIPS - Spotlight | Raw: S. Poddar, Y. Wan, H. Ivison, A. Gupta, and N. Jaques. Personalizing reinforcement learning from human feedback with variational preference learning. Neural Information Processing Systems NeurIPS - Spotlight, 2024. Match: Personalizing Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback with Variational Preference Learning Venue: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 37 DOI: 10.52202/079017-1664 ISBN: URL: Verified via static CrossRef title search score: 1.00 | | | Verified Edited | Sentence-bert: Sentence embeddings using siamese bert-networksN. Reimers; I. Gurevych 2019 Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing | Raw: N. Reimers and I. Gurevych. Sentence-bert: Sentence embeddings using siamese bert-networks. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 2019a. Match: Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks Venue: Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing EMNLP-IJCNLP DOI: 10.18653/v1/d19-1410 ISBN: URL: Verified via static CrossRef title search score: 1.00 | | | Verified Edited | Auditing radicalization pathways on youtubeM. H. Ribeiro; R. Ottoni; R. West; V. A. Almeida; W. Meira Jr. 2020 Proceedings of the 2020 conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency | Raw: M. H. Ribeiro, R. Ottoni, R. West, V. A. Almeida, and W. Meira Jr. Auditing radicalization pathways on youtube. In Proceedings of the 2020 conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency, pages 131-141, 2020. Match: Auditing radicalization pathways on YouTube Venue: Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency FAT '20 DOI: 10.1145/3351095.3372879 ISBN: URL: The paper exists exactly as cited in the ACM Digital Library at DOI: 10.1145/3351095.3372879, published in Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency FAT '20 , pages 131–141. | | | Verified Edited | Human decision-making is susceptible to ai-driven manipulationS. Sabour; J. M. Liu; S. Liu; C. Z. Yao; S. Cui; X. Zhang; W. Zhang; Y. Cao; A. Bhat; J. Guan; W. Wu; R. Mihalcea; H. Wang; T. Althoff; T. M. C. Lee; M. Huang 2025 arXiv | Raw: S. Sabour, J. M. Liu, S. Liu, C. Z. Yao, S. Cui, X. Zhang, W. Zhang, Y. Cao, A. Bhat, J. Guan, W. Wu, R. Mihalcea, H. Wang, T. Althoff, T. M. C. Lee, and M. Huang. Human decision-making is susceptible to ai-driven manipulation, 2025. URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.07663. Match: Human Decision-making is Susceptible to AI-driven Manipulation Venue: arXiv DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2502.07663 ISBN: URL: Verified via arXiv id 2502.07663. | | | Verified Edited | The impact of generative ai on academic reading and writing: A synthesis of recent evidence 2023-2025 A. Sanz-Tejeda; J. C. Domínguez-Oller; J. M. Baldaquí-Escandell; R. Gómez-Díaz; A. GarcíaRodríguez 2026 Frontiers in Education | Raw: A. Sanz-Tejeda, J. C. Domínguez-Oller, J. M. Baldaquí-Escandell, R. Gómez-Díaz, and A. GarcíaRodríguez. The impact of generative ai on academic reading and writing: A synthesis of recent evidence 2023-2025 . Frontiers in Education, 10, 2026. doi: 10.3389/feduc.2025.1711718. URL https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2025.1711718. Match: The impact of generative AI on academic reading and writing: a synthesis of recent evidence 2023–2025 Venue: Frontiers in Education DOI: 10.3389/feduc.2025.1711718 ISBN: URL: Verified via static CrossRef title search score: 1.00 | | | Verified Edited | Ai found to boost individual creativity - at the expense of less varied contentScienceDaily 2024 | Raw: ScienceDaily. Ai found to boost individual creativity - at the expense of less varied content, 2024. URL https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240712222127.htm Match: AI found to boost individual creativity -- at the expense of less varied content Venue: ScienceDaily DOI: ISBN: URL: Direct confirmation from ScienceDaily release page. The URL and title match the published 2024 news article exactly. | | | Verified Edited | Distributional preference learning: Understanding and accounting for hidden context in rlhfA. Siththaranjan; C. Laidlaw; D. Hadfield-Menell 2023 arXiv | Raw: A. Siththaranjan, C. Laidlaw, and D. Hadfield-Menell. Distributional preference learning: Understanding and accounting for hidden context in rlhf. arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.08358, 2023. Match: Distributional Preference Learning: Understanding and Accounting for Hidden Context in RLHF Venue: arXiv DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2312.08358 ISBN: URL: Verified via arXiv id 2312.08358. | | | Verified Edited | A roadmap to pluralistic alignmentT. Sorensen; J. Moore; J. Fisher; M. Gordon; N. Mireshghallah; C. M. Rytting; A. Ye; L. Jiang; X. Lu; N. Dziri 2024 arXiv | Raw: T. Sorensen, J. Moore, J. Fisher, M. Gordon, N. Mireshghallah, C. M. Rytting, A. Ye, L. Jiang, X. Lu, N. Dziri, et al. A roadmap to pluralistic alignment. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.05070, 2024. Match: A Roadmap to Pluralistic Alignment Venue: arXiv DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2402.05070 ISBN: URL: Verified via arXiv id 2402.05070. | | | Verified Edited | The homogenizing effect of large language models on human expression and thoughtZ. Sourati; A. S. Ziabari; M. Dehghani 2026 arXiv | Raw: Z. Sourati, A. S. Ziabari, and M. Dehghani. The homogenizing effect of large language models on human expression and thought, 2026. URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.01491. Match: The homogenizing effect of large language models on human expression and thought Venue: Trends in Cognitive Sciences DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2026.01.003 ISBN: URL: Verified via static CrossRef title search score: 1.00 | | | Verified Edited | The psychological meaning of words: Liwc and computerized text analysis methodsY. R. Tausczik; J. W. Pennebaker 2010 Journal of Language and Social Psychology | Raw: Y. R. Tausczik and J. W. Pennebaker. The psychological meaning of words: Liwc and computerized text analysis methods. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 29 1 :24-54, 2010. doi: 10.1177/0261927X09351676. URL https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X09351676. Match: The Psychological Meaning of Words: LIWC and Computerized Text Analysis Methods Venue: Journal of Language and Social Psychology DOI: 10.1177/0261927x09351676 ISBN: URL: Verified via static CrossRef title search score: 1.00 | | | Verified Edited | Approaching the integration of large language models in the parliamentary workspaceJ. von Lucke Frontiers in Political Science | Raw: J. von Lucke. Approaching the integration of large language models in the parliamentary workspace. Frontiers in Political Science, 7:1625394. Match: Approaching the integration of large language models in the parliamentary workspace Venue: Frontiers in Political Science DOI: 10.3389/fpos.2025.1625394 ISBN: URL: Verified via static CrossRef title search score: 0.95 | | | Verified Edited | The effect of chatgpt on students’ learning performance, learning perception, and higher-order thinking: insights from a meta-analysisJ. Wang; W. Fan 2025 Humanities and Social Sciences Communications | Raw: J. Wang and W. Fan. The effect of chatgpt on students’ learning performance, learning perception, and higher-order thinking: insights from a meta-analysis. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12, 05 2025. doi: 10.1057/s41599-025-04787-y. Match: RETRACTED ARTICLE: The effect of ChatGPT on students’ learning performance, learning perception, and higher-order thinking: insights from a meta-analysis Venue: Humanities and Social Sciences Communications DOI: 10.1057/s41599-025-04787-y ISBN: URL: Verified via static CrossRef title search score: 0.96 | | | Verified Edited | Who wrote this? how smart replies impact language and agency in the workplaceK. Wenker 2023 Telematics and Informatics Reports | Raw: K. Wenker. Who wrote this? how smart replies impact language and agency in the workplace. Telematics and Informatics Reports, 10:100062, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.teler.2023.100062. URL https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teler.2023.100062. Match: Who wrote this? How smart replies impact language and agency in the workplace Venue: Telematics and Informatics Reports DOI: 10.1016/j.teler.2023.100062 ISBN: URL: Verified via static CrossRef title search score: 1.00 | | | Verified Edited | Echoes in ai: Quantifying lack of plot diversity in llm outputsW. Xu; N. Jojic; S. Rao; C. Brockett; B. Dolan 2025 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | Raw: W. Xu, N. Jojic, S. Rao, C. Brockett, and B. Dolan. Echoes in ai: Quantifying lack of plot diversity in llm outputs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 122 35 :e2504966122, 2025. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2504966122. URL https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2504966122. Match: Echoes in AI: Quantifying lack of plot diversity in LLM outputs Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2504966122 ISBN: URL: Verified via static CrossRef title search score: 1.00 | | | Verified Edited | Empirical evidence of large language model’s influence on human spoken communicationH. Yakura; E. Lopez-Lopez; L. Brinkmann; I. Serna; P. Gupta; I. Soraperra; I. Rahwan 2024 arXiv | Raw: H. Yakura, E. Lopez-Lopez, L. Brinkmann, I. Serna, P. Gupta, I. Soraperra, and I. Rahwan. Empirical evidence of large language model’s influence on human spoken communication. arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.01754, 2024. Match: Empirical evidence of Large Language Model's influence on human spoken communication Venue: arXiv DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2409.01754 ISBN: URL: Verified via arXiv id 2409.01754. |